Spanner, a strictly serializable system, leverages TrueTime for timestamping to enforce the invariant between transactions. It ensures efficient read-only transactions and multi-shard transactions. Mechanisms like 2PL, 2PC, and (Multi)Paxos contribute to Spanner's fault tolerance and scalability. Le

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Spanner is a globally distributed database system that offers configurable control, consistent commit timestamps, external consistency, and TrueTime API for handling distributed data. It uses a transaction model with two-phase locking and lock-free reads, providing globally sortable timestamps. The

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