Joint pain can result from various factors such as inflammation, cartilage degeneration, crystal deposition, infection, or trauma. Different pathophysiologic processes necessitate clinical evaluation and identification through history, physical examination, and understanding of joint disease types.

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Tuberculosis can affect the hip and knee joints, leading to various deformities and complications if left untreated. Common sites of TB in knee joint, neglected cases due to hamstring contracture, path mechanics of deformity development, along with differential diagnoses and treatment options are di

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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the axial skeleton. The disease causes pain, stiffness, and decreased spinal mobility, and it can lead to disability and decreased quality of life. AS is an autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis involving interac

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