The Ginzburg-Landau phenomenological theory explains superconductivity and superfluidity as distinct thermodynamic phases. It focuses on phase transitions characterized by singularities in specific heat at the transition temperature. Derived from BCS theory, it quantifies condensation energy, emphas

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Crystal Field Theory (CFT) explains the colors and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. It focuses on the energy changes in d-orbitals of metal ions caused by surrounding ligands. This theory, developed in 1929, provides insights into the bonding interactions in complex compounds. The

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An economic system is a mechanism through which the government plans and allocates resources and services. Types include capitalist, socialist, and mixed economies, each with distinct characteristics. The central problem of the economy is managing scarcity. The economic sector comprises the primary,

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Development of mathematical theories such as model theory, proof theory, set theory, recursion theory, and computational complexity is discussed, starting from historical perspectives with Dedekind and Peano to Godel's theorems, recursion theory's golden age in the 1930s, and advancements in proof t

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In the play "Young and Old," the characters Eric, Sheila, and Gerald represent the younger generation, while Arthur and Sybil symbolize the older generation. The story delves into the concept of responsibility, highlighting the different attitudes towards Eva's death. Arthur and Sybil, despite being

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George Bernard Shaw, an Irish playwright, social critic, and political activist, is renowned for his witty language and social criticism in works like "Arms and the Man," "Pygmalion," and "Saint Joan." Shaw's influence on British socialist theory through Fabianism and his embodiment of realism in En

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Psychological theories of criminality delve into the association between intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior. Major theories include Psychodynamic Theory by Freud, Behavioral Theory by Bandura, and Cognitive Theory by Kohlberg. These theories explore how unconscious mental pro

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The Indian constitution embodies justice in social, economic, and political spheres, aiming for the full development of every individual. Rooted in democratic principles and socialism, the preamble emphasizes liberty, equality, and justice. Drawing wisdom from leaders like Dr. Ambedkar and Mahatma G

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The development of socialist consciousness among the working class is discussed, emphasizing the need for outside influence to foster class and political awareness. Key figures such as Lenin and Kautsky are cited in their exploration of how consciousness is acquired and its significance in the labor

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J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls" was set in 1912 but written in 1945, reflecting the significant changes in society between these years. Explore the context and events that influenced Priestley's work, showcasing his socialist views and the impact of historical events like WWI and WWII on

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The theory of firms is explored through the Neoclassical and Modern perspectives. Neoclassical theory focuses on profit maximization, while Modern theory delves into managerial, principal-agent, and transaction cost theories. The discussion covers criticisms of Neoclassical theory and the essential

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The 1982 Constitution of China, drafted after extensive discussions, adheres to socialist principles and emphasizes the socialist system as the foundation of the state. With a total of 138 Articles, it is a flexible document allowing for easy amendments and maintains a unitary system with centralize

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The presentation delves into the historical evolution of companies, from ancient multi-nationals to modern global corporations. It explores the intertwined relationships between economic expansion, colonialism, capitalism, and socialist movements. The presentation also discusses the role of companie

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Socialist democracy is a political idea that combines elements of democracy and socialism, rejecting capitalism and authoritarian socialism. Proponents advocate for democratic decision-making and public ownership of the means of production. They believe in economic equality, government regulation of

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The Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution provide guidelines for governance, focusing on social justice, economic welfare, and a just society. These principles are inspired by socialist ideology and aim at ensuring social and economic justice by minimizing inequalities, pro

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Overview of theories of causation categorized into psychological, social psychological, and sociological perspectives. Psychological theories focus on instinctive, biological, and psychological qualities of abusers, including Attachment Theory, Psychodynamic Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Situa

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Exploring G.H. Sabine's perspective on political theory through a contextual approach, emphasizing the importance of historical context and societal influences. Sabine argues that while political theory evolves with its contemporary politics, it should be analyzed within its specific time and social

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Explore the transformation of parental leave policies in Bulgaria from the socialist era to the modern EU influence. The seminar delves into the progression of rights and entitlements for parents, inclusive of various family structures and dynamic societal needs. Key topics include paid parental lea

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At the turn of the century, the discovery of the photoelectric effect challenged the wave theory of light, leading to the development of the quantum theory by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. This new theory introduced the concept of discrete energy units known as quanta, bridging the gap between wav

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Money in a socialist economy serves various essential functions such as a measure of value, medium of circulation, means of payment, accumulation, and distribution, along with providing monetary incentives and freedom of choice to individuals. It plays a crucial role in evaluating economic activity

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Overview of Dp-branes, NS5-branes, and U-duality derived from nonabelian (2,0) theory with Lie 3-algebra. Introduction to M-theory, including M2-branes and M5-branes in the strong coupling limit. Discussion on BLG theory, Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra, and the ABJM theory for M2-branes.

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Explore the process of social change towards socialism through mass action, organization, and the building of a socialist party. Emphasizing the importance of campaigns, reforms, and transitional methods, the journey involves uniting the working class, challenging the capitalist system, and particip

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Michele Loi from the Digital Society Initiative at the University of Zurich discusses the concept of data cooperatives and their role in distributing data power. These cooperative structures allow for democratic control over data management, emphasizing individual ownership and shared asset utilizat

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The narrative of Animal Farm encapsulates the evolution from an idealistic society to a manipulative regime, illustrating themes of betrayal, rule violations, manipulation, leadership exaggeration, harsh penalties, rumor spreading, forced labor, and emotional suppression within a communist-socialist

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Perturbation theory is a powerful tool in solving complex physical and mathematical problems approximately by adjusting solutions from a related problem with known solutions. This theory allows for more accurate approximate solutions by treating the difference as a small perturbation. An example inv

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Divine Command Theory asserts that morality is derived from God's commands, contrasting with Virtue Theory which focuses on developing moral virtues to achieve human flourishing and excellence. Divine Command Theory relies on religious texts, while Virtue Theory emphasizes the cultivation of virtues

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Fermi liquid theory, also known as Landau-Fermi liquid theory, is a theoretical model that describes the normal state of metals at low temperatures. Introduced by Landau and further developed by Abrikosov and Khalatnikov, this theory explains the similarities and differences between interacting ferm

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Adolf Hitler, born in Austria in 1889, faced rejection as a painter before turning to politics. He led the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) and orchestrated the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Imprisoned briefly, he penned Mein Kampf that propagated Nazi ideology. By 1932, the Nazi Pa

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The historical timeline of Italy before 1919 led to Mussolini's rise to power through various events such as his involvement with the Italian Socialist Party and the formation of the Fascio di Combattimento. Italy's Liberal Monarchy faced weaknesses, including political divisions between progressive

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Computational Learning Theory explores inductive learning algorithms that generate hypotheses from training sets, emphasizing the uncertainty of generalization. The theory introduces probabilities to measure correctness and certainty, addressing challenges in learning hidden concepts. Through exampl

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This course overview covers concepts in automata theory and theory of computation, including formal language classes, grammars, recognizers, theorems in automata theory, decidability, and intractability of computational problems. The Chomsky hierarchy, interplay between computing components, modern-

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Explore various theories of interest in economics, including the Classical Theory, Liquidity Preference Theory by Keynes, Productivity Theory, Abstinence Theory, Time-Preference Theory, Fisher's Time Preference Theory, and the Loanable Fund Theory. These theories offer different perspectives on the

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Explore the dynamic Election of 1912 in US history, featuring William Howard Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Eugene Debs. Learn about the split in the Republican Party, Wilson's victory, Debs' Socialist impact, and the rise of the Progressive Party. Subscribe for more educational conte

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Delve into the historical journey of atomic theory starting from Democritus and Aristotle's views to modern advancements proving some aspects of Dalton's theory incorrect. Learn about key laws and theories such as the Particle Theory of Matter, Dalton's Atomic Theory, and JJ Thomson's discoveries, s

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Explore the evolution of the rental sector in Slovenia and Serbia, from the socialist order to privatization and the current challenges faced in providing social housing. Key events, documents, and legislative acts have shaped the rental landscape in these transition countries, impacting ownership r

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Slovenia exhibits a unique tenure structure with a high percentage of home ownership and specific regulations governing rental tenures. The 2003 Housing Act defines various rental types, including non-profit and market-based rentals, while legislation outlines rules on contracts, rent regulation, an

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This article delves into the historical background and key events that shaped the reform and open-up policies in China, focusing on the transformation of the countryside, the rise of Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs), and the implementation of the Household Responsibility System (HRS). It disc

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The accounting environment in Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has undergone significant changes from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. With the emergence of private enterprises and foreign investments, the accounting profession has evolved as well. Guanxi, the concept of networks and

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Socialist Realism emerged as the fundamental method of Soviet literature and art, emphasizing truthful and historically concrete depictions of reality within a revolutionary context. It required artists to engage in ideological transformation and educate the masses in the spirit of socialism. This a

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The Tsai-Hill failure theory is based on the strengths of a unidirectional lamina, incorporating longitudinal and transverse tensile and compressive strengths, as well as in-plane shear strength. This theory, derived from the distortion energy theory, provides criteria for determining lamina failure

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