Constipation in farm animals is characterized by decreased frequency of defecation and dry, hard feces. Scant feces are small quantities of feces, commonly seen in animals with stomach abnormalities. Alimentary tract hemorrhage can result from various causes, including ulcers and infestations. Hemor

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Clostridial diseases are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are anaerobes commonly found in soil, feces, and healthy animal tissues. These bacteria can lead to various diseases in animals such as black quarter, gas gangrene, necrotic dermatitis, and more. Understanding the different

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Klebsiella species, such as K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca, are gram-negative bacilli commonly found in the microbiota of the intestines, nasopharynx, and feces. They exhibit distinct characteristics like pink mucoid colonies on MacConkey's agar and are known to cause both community-acquired and hospi

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Why Wash matters for PLHIV due to the significant impact of diarrhea on individuals living with HIV/AIDS, affecting absorption of antiretrovirals and nutrients, causing burden on caregivers, and reducing quality of life. Critical WASH behaviors like safe feces disposal, water treatment, and handwash

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Protozoal infections such as amoebiasis, giardiasis, and malaria are a global concern, particularly prevalent in underdeveloped regions. Antiamoebic drugs serve as the primary treatment, targeting protozoal parasites like Entamoeba histolytica. However, these drugs can pose challenges due to potenti

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Tetanus, also known as Locked Jaw or Saw Horse disease, is a highly fatal condition in domestic animals caused by the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The disease is characterized by hyperaesthesia, tetany, and convulsions. Transmission occurs through contaminated soil, typically from hors

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Toxoplasmosis is caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, with cats being the definitive host. The parasite's life cycle involves both sexual and asexual phases, leading to potential infection in humans and other animals. Transmission can occur through contact with cat feces, ingestion of contamina

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Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and sewage, involving physical, chemical, and biological processes. Sewage is mainly liquid waste generated by humans, comprising washing water, urine, feces, and more. It can be treated in septic tanks or municipal treatment p

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Proper collection, identification, processing, storage, and transport of various types of biological specimens are crucial for obtaining accurate diagnostic test results. Different types of specimens, such as whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, feces, saliva, and various bodily fluids and tissues, ar

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Polio, a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus infection, can spread through contact with infected feces or droplets from sneezes/coughs. It mainly affects children, potentially leading to paralysis or respiratory issues. Lack of clean water and sanitation contributes to it

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Apicomplexa, a group of unicellular, spore-forming parasites, exhibit a complex life cycle involving sexual and asexual stages. Coccidia, a type of Apicomplexan parasite, cause diseases like coccidiosis in humans and animals. The disease spreads through contact with infected feces or tissue, leading

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Platyhelminthes, such as tapeworms and flukes, are multicellular organisms with a flat body and hermaphroditic reproductive systems. Tapeworms, a type of Cestode, have a unique structure with a scolex and proglottids for reproduction. They are dioecious and develop through the production of proglott

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Tape worm diseases, such as cysticercosis and coenurosis, affect various animals like sheep, cattle, horses, dogs, and cats. The pathogenesis involves indirect mechanisms, leading to larval stages like metacestodes. Heavy infections can result in colic, diarrhea, and anemia in animals. Diagnosis inv

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When examining feces for parasites, it's crucial to differentiate between parasitic material, non-parasitic material, and pseudoparasites. Recognizing parasite eggs and cysts based on their shape and size is essential for accurate identification. Additionally, being aware of non-parasitic materials

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Hookworm diseases, such as Bunostomiasis, are common in young animals like calves, causing emaciation, anemia, and death. Etiology involves Bunostomum phlebotomum in cattle and B. trigonocephalum in sheep and goats. The disease is globally prevalent, more so in tropical regions, and is transmitted t

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