Dentinogenesis is a crucial process in tooth development starting at the cusp tips as odontoblasts differentiate and begin collagen production. Factors like TGF, IGF, and BMP play key roles in organizing odontoblast cytoskeleton assembly. Odontoblasts take up calcium, maintain high concentrations, a

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Dental calculus, also known as tartar, is a mineralized bacterial plaque that forms on natural teeth and dental prostheses. It can be classified as supragingival or subgingival based on its relation to the gingival margin. This hard deposit is formed through the mineralization of dental plaque and c

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Calcium metabolism plays a critical role in various bodily functions like nerve conduction, coagulation, and bone mineralization. It involves processes such as calcium absorption, distribution, and homeostasis, regulated by hormones like PTH and calcitriol. The balance of calcium in the body is cruc

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Cementum is a vital component of the tooth root, forming a protective layer. It is a calcified tissue with specific constituents and chemical composition. Cementogenesis involves a complex process of differentiation and mineralization, regulated by key molecular factors. Cells like cementoblasts and

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Reverse osmosis (RO) is a treatment method used in challenging water treatment situations to remove contaminants effectively. It requires pre-treatment and remineralization, making it suitable for mineral and chemical contamination. RO systems need careful maintenance to prevent fouling and membrane

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Rickets is a metabolic bone disorder primarily caused by deficiencies in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus. This leads to softening and weakening of bones, affecting bone growth and remodeling. Genetic, nutritional, and hormonal abnormalities contribute to this condition, impacting young growing ani

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