The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union was influenced by factors such as a home-grown insurgency, the rise of the Polish trade union Solidarity, and the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev. Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa, played a significant role, supported by the Catholic Church. Gorbach

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Russian Formalism, a literary theory movement that emerged in the early 20th century, viewed literature as a distinct form of language. It was characterized by a shift from romantic and symbolist traditions towards a focus on structural analysis and the study of literary systems. Mikhail Bakhtin, a

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