Bioreactors are essential vessels used for the production of various chemicals and biological reactions. They provide controlled conditions for fermentation processes, including agitation, aeration, temperature, and pH control. Key components such as fermenter vessels, heating, cooling apparatus, an

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Primary metabolites are crucial for plant survival, including sugars and amino acids, while secondary metabolites, like tannins, terpenoids, and flavonoids, play diverse roles such as protection from pathogens, pigmentation, and health benefits. Tannins offer antiviral and antibacterial effects, ter

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Glycosides are naturally occurring compounds with sugar and non-sugar components. They are characterized by glycosidic bonds and can be chemically separated. These compounds exhibit various physical and chemical properties, including solubility, taste, and optical activity. Classification based on g

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This content explores various techniques used in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry to investigate the metabolic pathways in plants and study the formation of primary and secondary metabolites. Methods such as utilizing radioactive isotopes, tracer techniques, isolated organs/tissues, grafting, and mu

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Anthracene glycosides are secondary metabolites found in various plant families, offering therapeutic benefits. This comprehensive study explores their composition, chemistry, biosources, and applications, detailing the structural variations of aglycones and sugars present in these compounds. Method

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Rue (Ruta graveolens) is a herb known for its medicinal properties and aromatic leaves. It contains various chemical constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, fixed oils, and volatile oils. The herb has a long history of traditional uses, including as an insect repellent and a condiment. Chemical

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This unit delves into the composition, chemistry, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications of secondary metabolites such as steroids, cardiac glycosides, and triterpenoids. It explores the properties of saponin glycosides, their classification based on aglycone nature, and the significance of s

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Plants act as natural bio-chemical factories producing primary and secondary metabolites with distinct roles in growth and adaptation. Primary metabolites are essential molecules like carbohydrates and proteins, while secondary metabolites like alkaloids have marked therapeutic activities. Alkaloids

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Metabolic control mechanisms play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within cells by regulating metabolic pathways. This involves finely adjusting the output of pathways in response to external signals, ensuring the proper flux of metabolites to meet cellular needs. Pacemaker enzymes, such as

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Resins are solid/semisolid amorphous products with complex chemical composition and are found in plants, animals, and fossils. They contain essential oils, terpene products, and carboxylic acids. Resins occur as a result of normal metabolism or in response to injury, forming physiological or patholo

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Biosynthesis, also known as anabolism, involves the formation of complex organic compounds from simple subunits catalyzed by enzymes within living organisms. This process is vital for the development of life and the production of essential compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, antibiotic

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NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is a powerful technique used in organic chemistry research for a wide range of applications, including structure elucidation, identification of small molecules, quantitative analysis, and studying dynamics. Through various NMR experiments, researchers can determine s

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Exploring the diverse world of secondary metabolites, this content delves into the composition, chemistry, biosources, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications of various compounds such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Glycosides, and more. It discusses the structural characteristics, biolog

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This lecture explores the process of translocation in the phloem, supported by evidence from studies such as aphid experiments, ringing experiments, and the use of radioactive isotopes. It delves into the materials translocated in phloem sap, including water, sucrose, non-reducing sugars, nitrogen c

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In this unit, the focus is on metabolic pathways in higher plants and leveraging radioactive isotopes for biogenetic studies. Topics covered include steps in tracer techniques, selection of radioisotopes, preparation of labeled compounds, and insertion of radio-labeled metabolites in plant parts usi

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Explore the methods utilized in tracer techniques for investigating biogenetic pathways in plants. Learn about competitive feeding, precursor-product sequence method, sequential analysis, and isotope incorporation. These methods involve labeling experiments to trace metabolic pathways and understand

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Indole alkaloids are a significant group of naturally occurring compounds with diverse chemical structures and physiological actions. This unit delves into the general introduction, composition, chemistry, biosources, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications of various secondary metabolites, in

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Secondary metabolites are chemical compounds produced by plants that have various biological effects. Alkaloids, a type of secondary metabolite, are organic compounds with nitrogen atoms and specific physiological actions. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties, making them essential

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This article explores the complex biochemical pathways involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and their conversion into various metabolites. Fatty acid metabolites play essential roles in cellular energy production, signaling, and structural funct

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Exploring the impact of metabolites from petroleum degradation on tap water toxicity through case studies involving gas stations, fuel terminals, oil pipelines, oil fields, and tanker trucks. The assessment of TPH risk levels in different settings, calculation of screening levels for drinking water,

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Fungal biotechnology involves utilizing living organisms like fungi for industrial applications, leading to the production of various valuable products such as enzymes, vitamins, and secondary metabolites. This field not only benefits industries by offering energy-efficient processes but also contri

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Plant tissue culture is an experimental technique that involves the in-vitro cultivation of plant cells to produce secondary metabolites, regenerate plants, and study organogenesis. This process allows for the maintenance of disease-free plant material, biosynthetic pathway tracing, and cell immobil

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Delve into the world of secondary metabolites found in Ruta graveolens, commonly known as Rue or Garden Rue. Discover its rich composition of alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, resins, glycosides, iridoids, and other terpenoi

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Plant tissue culture involves the in-vitro cultivation of plant cells or tissues under controlled conditions for various applications like the production of metabolites and plant regeneration. This experimental technique facilitates the production of callus from explant tissues, which can be used fo

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Plant tissue culture technology is a versatile tool used in agronomy and biotechnology for rapid multiplication of selected plants, production of high-yielding, herbicide, drought, insect, and salt-resistant crops, as well as the generation of phytopharmaceuticals, secondary metabolites, and novel c

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