The common integuments encompass the skin, hairs, skin glands, claws, hooves, and horns, playing vital roles in protection, thermoregulation, and drug administration. The skin's structure consists of the epidermis and dermis layers, renewing continuously to maintain its functions. Additionally, nail

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Endosperms are crucial for embryo development, providing nutrients and starch. There are two main types of seeds based on endosperm utilization: albuminous and exalbuminous. Endosperm development involves three types: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear endosperms feature free-nuclear divisions

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