Hillslopes are angular inclinations of terrain between hilltops and valley bottoms, shaped by geological structures, climate, vegetation cover, and denudational processes. They are key geomorphic features in fluvial drainage basins, playing a crucial role in landscape formation and water/sediment tr

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Penck's slope replacement theory proposes that the angle of a hill slope decreases as gentler slopes replace steeper ones, leading to the concavity of the slope profile. The model explains how vertical erosion by streams and denudation shape hillslopes, causing them to retreat in a parallel manner.

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