The interaction between the Ottoman Empire and European powers, including the Habsburgs, Safavids, Mamluks, and Russia, shaped the geopolitical landscape of the 16th century. This period saw Ottoman expansion, clashes between different empires, and complex motivations behind territorial conquests, i

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Habsburg Austria lost and acquired territories, Maria Theresa inherited lands with the Pragmatic Sanction, leading to a diverse Hapsburg Empire. The rise of the Hohenzollerns in Brandenburg-Prussia saw Frederick William and Frederick the Great consolidating power through military and administrative

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The history of Europe forming a European identity is exemplified through Napoleon Bonaparte's strategic campaigns in Northern Italy and Egypt. His victories against the Habsburgs strengthened his position, leading to acclaim upon his return to Paris. However, setbacks in Egypt and conflicts with Bri

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The Thirty Years War began as a clash over political and religious issues with the Bohemian Revolt in 1618. Despite initial intentions for limited involvement, major powers were drawn into a prolonged conflict lasting three decades. The war involved various factions, including Protestant assemblies,

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