The history of microscopes dates back to the 11th century with the invention of the reading stone, leading to the creation of wearable eyeglasses in the 13th century. The first microscope was developed in the late 16th century by Zacharias Jansen, paving the way for the compound microscope and the t

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Phase contrast microscopy, invented by Frits Zernike, revolutionized cell observation by utilizing tiny phase changes in light rays to create contrast in living cells. This technique exploits differences in refractive indices to enhance visibility without staining cells, offering a new perspective i

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