The downstream recovery process involves five major stages: solid-liquid separation, release of intracellular products, concentration, purification by chromatography, and formulation. Solid-liquid separation methods include flotation, flocculation, and filtration using techniques like depth filters,

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Sedimentation aided with coagulation and flocculation is a chemical and physical process used in water treatment to efficiently remove impurities and particles. Coagulation involves adding chemicals to neutralize particles, while flocculation helps in forming larger clumps for easier removal. The en

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Downstream processing in biotechnology involves the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products like pharmaceuticals from natural sources, using techniques such as filtration, centrifugation, and flocculation. This process is crucial in manufacturing antibiotics, hormones, antibodies, vaccine

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Filtration is a process of separating solid particles or suspended matter from liquid or gas by passing it through a porous medium. This article discusses the definition of filtration, factors affecting its rate, applications in various industries, mechanisms involved, and different types of filtrat

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Soil structure plays a crucial role in plant growth, water movement, and drainage. Excess sodium can cause clay particles to disperse, leading to reduced water infiltration. Flocculation, which involves cations like calcium and magnesium, helps clay particles stick together to form aggregates, impro

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