Retention of fetal membranes, a common issue during the third stage of labor, has significant consequences for animals, especially cattle. Causes include insufficient expulsive efforts and placental issues. The incidence ranges from 6.8% to 50%, often associated with dystocia and twin births. Factor

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Birth injuries in newborns can result from various factors during the birthing process, such as soft tissue injuries and head trauma. Soft tissue injuries like facial abrasions and scleral hemorrhage may occur due to causes like dystocia and forceps delivery. Nursing care involves assessing and reas

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Separating X and Y sperm for selective breeding allows for the production of desired male or female offspring in livestock. Various techniques such as Quinacrine Mustard Staining and Raman Micro-Spectroscopy are used to differentiate between the two sperm types based on DNA, size, surface charges, a

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