The article explores whether the European Court of Human Rights is transitioning into a constitutional court. It discusses the Conventionality principle, in abstracto claims, and the current approach of the ECtHR, focusing on individual vs. societal interests. The examination of cases like Klass v.

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The article explores whether the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is transforming into a constitutional court. It delves into the concept of in abstracto claims and the Conventionality principle, analyzing cases that have allowed individuals to claim violations without direct application. The

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Meaning in language is explored in this introductory lecture, covering aspects such as communication, semiotics, linguistic channels, and approaches to studying meaning. The process of encoding messages, signal transmission, noise interference, and decoding are discussed within the context of commun

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