This case study details the emergency management of a 72-year-old female patient with massive blood loss due to esophageal varices, providing insights into assessment, resuscitation, and treatment strategies to stop bleeding, replace losses, and prevent worsening. Key considerations include the prin

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Suprapubic catheter insertion is a procedure indicated for conditions such as urethral injury, obstruction, bladder neck masses, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. It involves proper patient positioning, analgesia, equipment preparation, and a step-by-step technique including bladder palpation, marki

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Lumbar puncture is a medical procedure involving the insertion of a needle into the spinal subarachnoid space to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Indications for performing a lumbar puncture include suspicion of meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, CNS diseases lik

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Haemorrhage in surgery is a critical phenomenon leading to hypovolaemic shock, trauma-induced coagulopathy, and other complications. It involves ongoing bleeding, hypoperfusion, acidosis, and hypothermia, exacerbating the condition. Classification includes revealed and concealed haemorrhage, with pr

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Acute liver failure is a severe condition characterized by rapid liver dysfunction within 6 months of symptom onset, leading to encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and jaundice. This condition can be classified as hyperacute, acute, subacute, fulminant, or sub-fulminant based on the duration from jaundice

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Hemoptysis, the expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract, can range from streaking to massive amounts, posing a life-threatening condition in severe cases. It is crucial to differentiate hemoptysis from hematemesis and evaluate its etiology, which can involve various pulmonary and vascular

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