An overview of spinal injuries, including anatomy revision, types of spinal fractures, assessment, management, and common patterns of injuries. It also covers back pain presentation, red flags, differentials, and the structure of vertebrae. The Denis classification of spinal fractures and the most c

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Spondylodiscitis is an infectious inflammation affecting the spine's discs and adjacent vertebrae, posing challenges due to potential complications like abscess formation. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome, focusing on infection eradication, pain management, de

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The diaphragm, a key muscle of respiration, separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays a crucial role in breathing. This dome-shaped musculofibrous partition originates from various structures such as the xiphoid process, lower ribs, and lumbar vertebrae. Its actions are essential for t

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The sympathetic trunks play a crucial role in the human body, with the cervical part located in front of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and the neck of the 1st rib. This part presents three ganglia - superior, middle, and inferior. Sometimes, the inferior cervical and first thoracic

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The prevertebral region in the neck extends from the 1st cervical vertebra to the upper two thoracic vertebrae. It includes structures like prevertebral and paravertebral muscles, cervical plexus, sympathetic chains, and large vessels. The prevertebral muscles, including rectus capitis anterior and

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The human spine comprises the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx vertebrae. Lumbarisation refers to the non-fusion of the uppermost sacral segment, while sacralisation involves fusion of the fifth lumbar vertebra with the sacrum. Lumbarisation can cause issues such as back pain, inflamma

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Delve into the world of vertebral fractures and bone health with Dr. Frazer Anderson. Explore the impact of fractures, the importance of understanding the spine, and how to treat and prevent fractures effectively. Uncover fascinating bone factoids and learn about bone turnover and the factors that c

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The mediastinum is a critical anatomical region in the thoracic cavity that houses various structures like the heart, thoracic vertebrae, diaphragm, and sternum. Divided into superior and inferior sections, it contains essential organs, vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes. Understanding its boundaries,

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The vertebral column, extending from the cranium to the coccyx, plays vital roles in protecting the spinal cord, providing support, and facilitating movement. It consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions, each with specific functions and characteristics. The column's curvatures, including cervi

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Explore the two major sections of the skeletal system: the Axial Skeleton, which provides protection to vital organs, and the Appendicular Skeleton, enabling movement. Discover variations in bone structure across species, from horses to dogs, and delve into the bones of the Axial Skeleton, including

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Intervertebral discs are crucial gel-like cushions between vertebrae that absorb shock and allow spinal flexibility. Disc prolapse, wear and tear, and spondylosis are common issues, with types like focal and broad-based herniation explained. The axial localization of herniated discs and imaging meth

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Explore the anatomy of the cervical spine, focusing on the 7 vertebrae, their unique characteristics, joint structures, and movements. Learn about typical and atypical vertebrae, key features like foramen transversarium, and the importance of vertebral arch components. Dive into how the cervical reg

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An 82-year-old female presented with head and neck pain after a fall without loss of consciousness. Imaging revealed a minimally displaced fracture at the base of the odontoid process (Type II Dens Fracture) in the C2 vertebrae. The differential diagnosis ruled out other traumatic injuries involving

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