Professor Shraddha Singh from the Department of Physiology at KGMU in Lucknow presents a comprehensive lecture series on the gastrointestinal tract.

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Cholestatic liver disease affects Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels, indicating bile duct damage. GGT and 5'-Nucleotidase help differentiate hepatobiliary vs. bone origin of ALP elevation. ALP is produced by bile duct epithelium and can be normal in acute biliary obstruction. GGT and N

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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are a common issue, more prevalent in women, with causes ranging from poor hygiene to underlying health conditions. The content delves into the classification of UTIs, their main causes, and bacteria responsible for infections. It also covers the complications of UTIs

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The digestive system, comprising the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and accessory organs, plays a vital role in digestion. From the upper GI tract (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach) to the lower GI tract (small and large intestines), each part has specific functions. Understanding salivary glands and c

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Constipation in farm animals is characterized by decreased frequency of defecation and dry, hard feces. Scant feces are small quantities of feces, commonly seen in animals with stomach abnormalities. Alimentary tract hemorrhage can result from various causes, including ulcers and infestations. Hemor

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Genitourinary Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are common conditions affecting both men and women. This article, presented by Prof. Dr. Mete Kılcıler from the Department of Urology at Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine, delves into the various aspects of UTIs, in

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Digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract are crucial processes for breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into smaller compounds that can be absorbed by the body. Carbohydrates undergo hydrolysis to convert into monosaccharides, fats are broken down from triglycerides, and pro

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Cholestasis is characterized by reduced bile flow and elevated direct bilirubin. It is critical to differentiate it from neonatal jaundice. In conditions like biliary atresia and 1-antitrypsin deficiency, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent liver failure. Clinical manifestations

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Exploring the diverse ways viruses enter the body through various routes such as respiratory tract, oropharynx, skin, genitourinary tract, and eyes, shedding light on the steps of the virus life cycle shaping pathogenesis. Viral diseases result from the intricate interaction between viral and host f

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Normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in maintaining health, but can also cause disease in certain conditions. This lecture covers the common flora in the GIT, their role in diseases, various types of acute diarrheal illnesses, epidemiology, and management of bacterial agent

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Understanding the distinction between viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections is crucial for effective management and treatment. This article discusses key differences in symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches to aid in accurate differentiation between the two types of

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This detailed content delves into the Gate Control Theory of Pain, explaining pain pathways involving nociceptors, A-delta fibers, and C fibers. It further explores central pain pathways like the spinothalamic tract, spinomesencephalic tract, and spinoreticular tract. The theory's mechanism of pain

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This information discusses the symptoms and diagnostic approach for urinary tract infections in adults, along with the current management guidelines. It covers the prevalence of UTIs as a common healthcare concern, focusing on uncomplicated UTIs, acute uncomplicated cystitis, and pyelonephritis. The

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This presentation discusses the challenges and recommendations for anesthetic management of children with upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). It covers the etiology, bronchoconstriction causes, adverse effects, and current guidelines for anesthesia in these cases. The impact of URIs on emerge

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The alimentary tract supplies the body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients through processes like movement of food, digestion, absorption, and circulation. The gastrointestinal tract, starting from the mouth to the anus, is aided by accessory organs for digestion. Functions include motility, sec

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Host defense mechanisms safeguard the body from pathogens through various strategies such as intact skin, mucous membranes, nonspecific immune responses like phagocytic cells, and specific immune responses involving antibodies and lymphocytes. Key protective barriers include the skin, eyes, digestiv

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This content delves into the secretory functions of the alimentary tract, focusing on the secretion of saliva and the role of mastication. It covers the anatomy of salivary glands, composition of saliva, control of secretion by the nervous system, and the functions of saliva in lubrication, protecti

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This course discusses the common medical complications of urinary tract infections and anemia in pregnancy, including types of UTI recurrences, pathophysiology, common causative organisms, anatomical changes in pregnancy leading to increased risk, risk factors for UTIs in pregnancy, and more.

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Understanding the management of urinary tract infections (UTI) is crucial for healthcare professionals. The main goal is to eradicate offending organisms using antibiotics, which vary based on factors like infection type and patient profile. Treatment duration and antibiotic choices differ for relap

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The normal microbial flora, also known as the indigenous microbiota, inhabit various areas of the human body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and skin. They play a crucial role in maintaining health and can re-establish themselves when disturbed. While resi

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This lecture covers the classification of respiratory tract infections and the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. It highlights the types of infections caused by viruses and bacteria, along with their respective treatments. The mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics, such as p

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Urinary tract infections are common bacterial infections during pregnancy, with asymptomatic bacteriuria being prevalent. If left untreated, asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to symptomatic infection, but proper treatment with antimicrobial agents can prevent complications. Treatment options include

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This detailed guide covers various gastrointestinal tract diseases caused by protozoa and helminths, including amebiasis, giardiasis, pinworm infestation, and trichinosis. It discusses their causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment, and prevention methods. The content provides insights into the lif

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, with various bacteria causing the infection. Different groups of antibiotics are used to treat UTIs, each with its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties, and adverse effects. Antibiotics such as Co-trimoxazole, Nitrofurantoin, and Cephalosporins

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Explore the common normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and how they play a role in health and disease, specifically focusing on infectious diarrhea. Learn about different types of acute diarrheal illnesses, epidemiology, host defenses against GI infections, and the pathogenesis of bacte

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Exploring the vocal tract, active and passive articulators, and the complexity of the tongue's role in speech production. Identifying primary places of articulation and the intricate coordination of speech organs in producing sounds. Discover the significance of the rest position and how different p

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Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies of the biliary tract characterized by cystic dilatation at various segments. They can lead to complications like biliary cirrhosis and recurrent pancreatitis. Clinical features include jaundice, abdominal pain, and right epigastric mass. Early detection is

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Cystitis is a common urinary tract infection affecting both men and women, characterized by inflammation of the bladder mucosa. This article covers the definition, pathogenesis, risk factors, causative organisms, types, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for cystitis, emphasizing the importan

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This informative content delves into the anatomy and function of the gallbladder, discussing its role in storing and concentrating bile. It explains the composition of bile, the process of emulsifying fats, and the consequences of bile flow obstruction. Various disorders affecting the biliary system

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This informative lecture covers the epidemiology, clinical presentations, common etiological agents, and laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children. Topics discussed include pharyngitis, diphtheria, epiglottitis, pertussis, acute otitis media, sinusitis, and other

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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is responsible for digestion, absorption, and secretion through various glands along the alimentary canal. Secretions are stimulated by factors like direct contact, nervous system activation, and hormonal regulation. Hormones released in response to food presence hel

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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) comprises four layers - Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, and Serosa. Each layer plays a crucial role in the digestion process. The GIT undergoes gut motility, including propulsive movements like peristalsis and mixing movements, to facilitate the movement of fo

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The respiratory tract anatomy includes various structures like mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Each component has specific compositions and functions, ranging from respiratory epithelium to smooth muscle layers. The images provide a v

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The urinary system plays a vital role in our overall health by regulating blood volume, composition, pressure, pH balance, and more. Keeping the urinary tract healthy involves proper hydration, diet choices, and lifestyle habits. Foods like berries, yogurt, garlic, and antioxidants can promote urina

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Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are a common healthcare-associated infection, with 80% of hospitalized patients experiencing a urinary tract infection. This article provides guidelines for preventing CAUTIs, such as only catheterizing patients when necessary, maintaining asepsis, practi

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Recent clinical trials such as TOPAZ-1, KEYNOTE-966, ClarIDHy, and FIGHT-202 have shown promising results in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Trials with immunotherapy and targeted therapy have demonstrated improved overall survival rates, progression-free survival, and objective response rates

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This presentation covers the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in healthcare settings. It highlights the significance of urinary tract infections, risk factors, preventive measures, and common microbiology involved. Key topics include the importance of urine collect

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Embryology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract involves the formation of germ layers during gastrulation, leading to the development of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. By incorporating the yolk sac, the primitive gut tube emerges during weeks 3-4 and is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, gi

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Explore the anatomy of the biliary tract, including pathways of cholesterol metabolism in the liver and the composition of bile. Learn about conditions such as gallstones, polyps, and common bile duct abnormalities, as well as diagnostic procedures like ERCP. Discover indications for biliary stentin

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Explore the surgical procedure of cholecystectomy, involving the complete removal of the gallbladder, and learn about the anatomy and function of the biliary system. Discover common pathologies like cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, as well as the types of gallstones. Visual aids and detailed explan

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