Understanding Vicarious Liability in Labour Law

 
Labour Law II
 
LPB 204
Topic:  Vicarious Liability
 
Introduction
 
Vicarious liability
 in labour law, is a doctrine that imposes
strict liability on employers for the wrongdoings of their employees.
Generally, an employer will be held 
liable
 for any tort committed while
an employee is conducting their duties.
The master will be vicariously liable for the tortious act of his servants
committed in the ‘course of employment’.
 
Vicarious Liability
 
The basis of this liability of the employer for the tortious acts of its
employees is trite and well established at common law.
The general principles were re-stated in 
R.O Iyere V Bendel Feed and Flour
Mill Limited (2008) 18 NWLR Part 1119 30 
where
 the Supreme Court held
that:
The general disposition of the law is that an employer is liable for the
wrongful acts of his employee authorised by him or for wrongful modes of
doing authorised acts, if the act is one which if lawful will fall within the
scope of the employee’s employment as being reasonably necessary for
the discharge of his duties or the preservation of the employers interests or
property or otherwise incidental to the purposes of his employment.
 
Vicarious Liability
 
The employer must accept responsibility in as much as he has
authorised the employee to do
 that particular class of act and is
therefore precluded from denying the employee’s authority to the act
complained of.
If the act is one which even if lawful would not have fallen within the
scope of the employee’s employment; 
the employer is not bound
unless the act is capable of being ratified and is in fact ratified by
him.
 Generally, 
the act of the servant is the act of the company.
S
ee 
Odebunmi V. Abdullahi 
(1997) 2 NWLR (Pt. 489) 526.
 
Factors to be considered
 
For any employer to be vicariously liable for the tortious acts of its
employee, the following elements must be present;
An employer-employee relationship
, the employer’s liability is derivative of
the primary liability of the worker. Hence the liability of the worker must
first be established.
The act must have been authorised by the employer;
The act is incidental or necessary for the discharge of employees duties, so
that even if done in a wrongful manner, it would have fallen within the
scope of authority of the employee;
T
he act even though done in a wrongful manner, is capable of being ratified
or was ratified by the employer.
 
Factors to be considered
 
The tortious act must have been committed by one of their employees. When
seeking to establish whether someone is an employee, traditionally the courts
look to the 
level of control exercised by the employer
.
 
In Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v Coggins & Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd [1947]
HL, 
Coggins and Griffith a firm of stevedores hired a crane and its operator from
the harbour authority to assist in loading and unloading ship cargos. The contract
stipulated that the crane driver was the stevedore’s employee  although the
harbour authority continued to pay his wages and retained the power of
dismissal. Unfortunately, the crane operator negligently injured another
employee while loading a ship.  In finding the harbour authority vicariously liable
for the crane operator’s negligence, the HL held that the agreement between the
parties was not conclusive. Although at the time of the accident the stevedores
were able to instruct the crane operator as to what to do , they had no control as
to how he operated the crane. Moreover, the fact that the harbour authority
continued to pay the operators wages was a further indication that he was still
their employee.
 
Factors to be considered
 
Similarly in 
Hawley v Luminar Leisure Ltd [2006] CA, 
 a door steward hired
to keep the order at the defendants nightclub (Luminar) physically
assaulted the claimant in the course of his employment, causing him
permanent and serious brain damage. The Club did not hire their door staff
directly  but contracted with ASE Security services to provide appropriate
staff. The question for the Court was whether the door steward was the
employee of the night club for whom he worked daily or ASE with whom
he and the night club contracted directly.
The CA in framing the question asked, who was entitled and therefore
obliged to control the door steward’s act so as to prevent it; it was held
that the owner of the night club was, and thus the owner of the club was
vicariously liable.
 
Factors to be considered
 
Today, common law courts favour a broader test often referred as the ‘economic
reality test’. Control is only one factor  out of many in determining whether a
contract of employment exists.
 Cooke J commented in the leading English case of
Market Investigations v Minister of Social Security[1969] 2 QB 173, 185
.
“No exhaustive list has been compiled and perhaps no exhaustive list can be
compiled of the considerations which are relevant in determining that question,
nor can strict rules be laid down as to the relative weight which the various
considerations should carry in particular cases. The most that can be said is that
control will no doubt always have to be considered . . . and that factors which
may be of importance are such matters as whether the man performing the
services provides his own equipment, whether he hires his own helpers, what
degree of financial risk he takes, what degree of responsibility for investment and
management he has, and whether and how far he has an opportunity of profiting
from sound management in the performance of his task."
 
 
 
 
 
The vicarious liability of the employer can arise from
i. Criminal actions of the employee,
ii. Tortious actions of the employee, or
iii. Contract.
 
Vicarious Liability
 
Conviction for a crime requires both the physical act that constitutes
the crime (
actus reus
) and the guilty mental state or intention to
commit the crime (
mens rea
).
General rule - a person cannot be made liable for the crime of
another.
A master is not liable for the crime of his servant
 
Liability for crime
 
Exceptions: 
if it can be shown that
i.
the servant committed the crime in the execution of orders of his
master, or
ii.
 in the absence of express order, that the master knows or ought
reasonably to have known that his servant is committing a crime in
the course of his employment and he fails to restrain him.
A master’s liability for the crime of his servant can arise under
common law or under statute.
 
Liability for crime
 
a master will be liable for the crime  committed in the course of
employment by his servant where he authorizes it or  knows about it.
E.g libel and nuisance
Unless the master gives evidence on how he  discouraged the
commission of the crime.
Other than these instances, the employer cannot be made liable.
 
Crime under Common Law
 
The act committed does not have to be for the benefit of the
employer.
The test is whether the servant’s act falls within the general class of
acts which he is employed to do.
 
Crime under Common Law
 
a solicitor’s managing clerk induced an old widow by fraud to part
with her title deed and money and later appropriated them.
The defence argued that the servant committed the crime for his own
benefit and that the employers were not answerable for such an act.
The court rejected the argument and held that a fraud committed in
the course of business which the servant was authorized or held out
as authorized to transact on behalf of his principal was an act done in
the course of employment and the masters were liable for it.
 
Lloyd v. Grace, Smith and Co (1912) AC 716
 
Some statutes impose duties on the master which he cannot delegate and
if he chooses to delegate, he would still be held liable as he would have
done so at his own risk.
Examples are safety provisions in statutes such as the Factories Act which
impose duties on the master personally.
A company and its board of directors can also be held vicariously liable by
certain statutory provisions since it must act through natural persons.
In Board of 
Customs & Excise v. Agu & Chika Brothers Ltd 
3 (1977) 332, the
company was held vicariously liable for knowingly importing prohibited
goods into the country even though the offence was committed by the
company's agents.
 
Crime under Statutes
 
This is the most common area where employer’s are made vicariously
liable for actions of their workers.
As earlier stated, the employer’s liability is derivative of  the primary
liability of the worker. Hence the liability of the worker must first be
established.
 
Liability for Tort
 
An in-patient of the hospital fell to his death from the 4
th
 floor of
UCH.
The court held that the board of management of the hospital were
liable for negligence of the medical staff on duty.
‘a hospital authority is responsible for the acts or omissions of the
whole of its staff whether they were surgeons, physicians, nurses or
other employees’.
 
Igbokwe v. UCH Board of Management
(1961) WNLR 173
 
Appellant was employed as silo attendant by the respondent who was
assigned, in the course of his employment, to the duty operator to
discharge a truck of fish mill.
He noticed frequent stoppage in the intake of materials and reported
this to the duty operator, who confirmed that he was aware of the
problem. The duty operator sent him to clear the conveyor or running
machine to check the constant stoppage of intake of materials by the
machine.
He left the switch operator at the switch room and went down the
mill below to clear the stoppage
 
Iyere v. BFFM Ltd (2008)18 NWLR [1119]
300 (1)
 
While there, the switch operator started running the machine
without clarifying or getting  a feed back from the appellant.
The right arm of the appellant was caught in the machine and
damaged hence it was operated upon. This led to a permanent
deformity of his right arm. The appellant’s appointment was later
terminated.
He brought this action claiming that the alleged termination of his
appointment was illegal and asked for special and general damages
against the respondent.
 
Iyere v. BFFM Ltd (2008)
 
The trial court and court of appeal had dismissed his claims on the
ground that he did not join the duty operator who was primarily
responsible for the accident but only sued the company which was
vicariously liable.
The Supreme Court in allowing the appeal held that failure of the
appellant to join the duty operator could not be a ground for
dismissing the appeal because if such a situation is allowed, it would
be difficult for most claims based on vicarious liabilities to be
successfully prosecuted since all the principals need to do would be
to ensure that the servants involved are made unavailable for the
purpose of being joined in a contemplated action.
 
Iyere v. BFFM Ltd (2008)
 
Sometimes an employer can prohibit a worker from certain acts?
Would he still be liable for such prohibited acts?
In 
Jamarkani Transport v. Wullemotu Abeke 
(1963) 1 All NLR 160, the
Supreme court was of the view that a prohibition will affect the
employer’s liability to the extent that he has limited the servant’s
scope of employment and that where a master specifically prohibits a
servant from engaging in a course of action, he cannot be held
vicariously liable unless he acquiesces in the breach of the order.
 
Liability for Tort
 
However, mere prohibition does not discharge the employer from
liability.
It has to be examined whether the act falls within the general class of
work the servant is employed to do. So where the prohibited act falls
within the general class of work the servant is employed to do, the
employer may still be held liable unless the prohibition is express and
known to the third party.
However where a servant departs from his general class of duties for
which he is employed, the master will be relieved of vicarious liability.
The servant of course remains primarily liable.
 
Liability for Tort
 
A master may also be made vicariously liable for the acts of a
volunteer in situations of emergency or where a worker who has
been authorized to invite others to assist invites such a volunteer.
 
Liability to third parties not through workers
 
A master is however not generally liable for the acts of an
independent contractor or the servant of such a contractor in the
discharge of their contractual obligations.
This is because an independent contractor is not a servant but uses
his own discretion to carry out his obligations under the contract.
 
Independent Contractor
 
But the employer can be made liable where
(i)
the employer interferes with the execution of the contractor’s
work or in fact exercises control over him
(ii)
where the work the contractor is employed to do is only to be
done at the employer’s own risk
(iii)
a statutory duty is imposed on the employer and he is not to
delegate yet he goes ahead to delegate
(iv)
the work the contractor was engaged to do is unlawful, the
employer would be liable for any damage or injury caused to a
third party.
 
Independent contractor
 
Vehicle Owners and Drivers
 
The general principal of law in relation to vehicle owners and agent- drivers in a vicarious liability
situation is that the mere ownership of a vehicle does not itself impose any liability on the owner
for the negligence of driving of others whom he permits the use of his vehicle. However, under
certain circumstances, the law imposes vicarious liability on such an owner for the negligent use of
his vehicle, irrespective of the existence of any contract of service between the owner and the
driver.
Generally, to make the vehicle-owner vicariously liable for the negligent use of his vehicle, two
elements must be proved.
(a)  That the use is authorised, expressly or impliedly; and
(b)  That the driving was either wholly or partly in the execution of a task or purpose on the
owner’s behalf.
It was held in 
Higbid v. R.C. Hammert (1932) 49t.L.R. 104. 
that the mere fact that a man has the
authority of a vehicle owner to drive his vehicle does not suffice to make the owner liable for his
negligent driving, otherwise any man who allows another the use of his vehicle stands in peril
while the vehicle is being used.
See Odebunmi V. Abdullahi 
(1997) 2 NWLR (PT. 489) 526.
 
S. 91 Labour Act – an employer is ‘any person who has entered into a
contract of employment to employ any other person as a worker
either for himself or for the service of any other person’
An employer can be brought under the law of agency. The worker
would be seen to act as the agent of the employer.
Section 9(2) LA provides that an employer shall be
 
responsible for the
performance of any contract  made by any person acting on his
behalf.
Where relationship of master-servant exists, master is 
liable
 for torts/wrongs of servant so long as they
were committed in the course of employment
 
Liability on Contract
 
In The Course Of Employment
 
Joel v. Morison
 
(1834) 6 Carrington & Payne 501 (Parker B):
 
 “The master is only liable where the servant is acting in the
course of his employment. If he was going out of his way,
against his master’s implied commands, when driving on his
master’s business, he will make his master liable; but if he
was going on a frolic of his own, without being at all on his
master’s business, the master will not be liable.”
 
Acts Committed In The Course Of
Employment
 
Such an act is committed in the course of employment or
within the scope of duty. See 
ACB v APUGO
 (1995) 6 NWLR (pt
399) p. 65
This is a question of 
fact
Was the act 
‘authorised’
 by the master?
Is the act a wrongful/unauthorised mode of doing an act
authorised by the employer/master?
 
29
 
There are different kinds of agency, whether the employer would be
bound or not will depend on the kind of agency.
Agency  can be due to ratification by the employer of the worker’s
prior unauthorized act.
It can also be based on estoppels where the employer by his action
has held out the servant to a third party as his agent.
It can also be created in situations of emergency where a worker acts
in order to preserve or protect the interest of his employers.
 
Liability on Contract
 
Note: t
he mere relationship of master/servant does not automatically mean that
the servant acts as the master's agent in all respects. The servant must have one
of the types of authority that can confer an agency relationship whether express,
implied, usual, by ratification, estoppels or necessity.
 
although the particular act which gave rise to cause of action is unauthorised, if
the act is done in the course of employment which is authorised, then the master
is liable for act of his servant
In 
Century v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board (1942) A.C 509, 
a driver of a
petrol tanker lit a cigarette in the course of duty. He then threw the match on the
floor, causing a conflagration. His employer was held liable.
 
 
 
Liability on Contract
 
Authorised act done in an improper manner
 
In 
London County Council v Cattermoles 
(1953) 2 All ER 581;
a servant employed on a garage was only authorised to
push/move cars from one place to another and not drive
them. He drove a van unto the highway resulting in a head
on collision with the plaintiff’s van. His employers were held
liable.
HELD - Moving cars by hand or other means was within the
scope of his employment. Although driving the van is a
wrongful/unauthorised way of performing an authorised act,
it was incidental to his scope of employment.
 
J
u
s
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
 
f
o
r
 
V
i
c
a
r
i
o
u
s
 
L
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
 
It is suggested that if an employer derives an economic benefit from
their employees’ work, they should bear any related burdens; a
person who employs others to advance his own economic interest
should in fairness be placed under a corresponding liability for losses
incurred in the course of the enterprise.
The victim of the wrong doing should be able to seek compensation
from a source better  placed financially than the employee who
actually committed the tort.
 
Justifications for Vicarious Liability
 
A
lso, 
employers are in the best position to reduce the likelihood of
workplace accidents, and indeed intentional wrongdoing by their
employees through imaginative and efficient administration and
supervision.
The imposition of strict liability acts as an incentive encouraging
employers not only to maintain standards of good practice  and to
take care when making appointments but to explore ways of going
beyond those set, by the standard of a reasonable person.
Slide Note
Embed
Share

Vicarious liability in labour law holds employers responsible for the wrongful acts of their employees. The employer may be liable if the act was authorized, necessary for the job, capable of being ratified, and falls within the scope of employment. Various factors must be considered to establish vicarious liability, including the employer-employee relationship, authorization of the act, and the potential for ratification. Case law and common law principles further shape the liability of employers for the actions of their employees in the course of their duties.


Uploaded on Jul 22, 2024 | 4 Views


Download Presentation

Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.

The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Labour Law II LPB 204 Topic: Vicarious Liability

  2. Introduction Vicarious liability in labour law, is a doctrine that imposes strict liability on employers for the wrongdoings of their employees. Generally, an employer will be held liable for any tort committed while an employee is conducting their duties. The master will be vicariously liable for the tortious act of his servants committed in the course of employment .

  3. Vicarious Liability The basis of this liability of the employer for the tortious acts of its employees is trite and well established at common law. The general principles were re-stated in R.O Iyere V Bendel Feed and Flour Mill Limited (2008) 18 NWLR Part 1119 30 where the Supreme Court held that: The general disposition of the law is that an employer is liable for the wrongful acts of his employee authorised by him or for wrongful modes of doing authorised acts, if the act is one which if lawful will fall within the scope of the employee s employment as being reasonably necessary for the discharge of his duties or the preservation of the employers interests or property or otherwise incidental to the purposes of his employment.

  4. Vicarious Liability The employer must accept responsibility in as much as he has authorised the employee to do that particular class of act and is therefore precluded from denying the employee s authority to the act complained of. If the act is one which even if lawful would not have fallen within the scope of the employee s employment; the employer is not bound unless the act is capable of being ratified and is in fact ratified by him. Generally, the act of the servant is the act of the company. See Odebunmi V. Abdullahi (1997) 2 NWLR (Pt. 489) 526.

  5. Factors to be considered For any employer to be vicariously liable for the tortious acts of its employee, the following elements must be present; An employer-employee relationship, the employer s liability is derivative of the primary liability of the worker. Hence the liability of the worker must first be established. The act must have been authorised by the employer; The act is incidental or necessary for the discharge of employees duties, so that even if done in a wrongful manner, it would have fallen within the scope of authority of the employee; The act even though done in a wrongful manner, is capable of being ratified or was ratified by the employer.

  6. Factors to be considered The tortious act must have been committed by one of their employees. When seeking to establish whether someone is an employee, traditionally the courts look to the level of control exercised by the employer. In Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v Coggins & Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd [1947] HL, Coggins and Griffith a firm of stevedores hired a crane and its operator from the harbour authority to assist in loading and unloading ship cargos. The contract stipulated that the crane driver was the stevedore s employee although the harbour authority continued to pay his wages and retained the power of dismissal. Unfortunately, the crane operator negligently injured another employee while loading a ship. In finding the harbour authority vicariously liable for the crane operator s negligence, the HL held that the agreement between the parties was not conclusive. Although at the time of the accident the stevedores were able to instruct the crane operator as to what to do , they had no control as to how he operated the crane. Moreover, the fact that the harbour authority continued to pay the operators wages was a further indication that he was still their employee.

  7. Factors to be considered Similarly in Hawley v Luminar Leisure Ltd [2006] CA, a door steward hired to keep the order at the defendants nightclub (Luminar) physically assaulted the claimant in the course of his employment, causing him permanent and serious brain damage. The Club did not hire their door staff directly but contracted with ASE Security services to provide appropriate staff. The question for the Court was whether the door steward was the employee of the night club for whom he worked daily or ASE with whom he and the night club contracted directly. The CA in framing the question asked, who was entitled and therefore obliged to control the door steward s act so as to prevent it; it was held that the owner of the night club was, and thus the owner of the club was vicariously liable.

  8. Factors to be considered Today, common law courts favour a broader test often referred as the economic reality test . Control is only one factor out of many in determining whether a contract of employment exists. Cooke J commented in the leading English case of Market Investigations v Minister of Social Security[1969] 2 QB 173, 185. No exhaustive list has been compiled and perhaps no exhaustive list can be compiled of the considerations which are relevant in determining that question, nor can strict rules be laid down as to the relative weight which the various considerations should carry in particular cases. The most that can be said is that control will no doubt always have to be considered . . . and that factors which may be of importance are such matters as whether the man performing the services provides his own equipment, whether he hires his own helpers, what degree of financial risk he takes, what degree of responsibility for investment and management he has, and whether and how far he has an opportunity of profiting from sound management in the performance of his task."

  9. Vicarious Liability The vicarious liability of the employer can arise from i. Criminal actions of the employee, ii. Tortious actions of the employee, or iii. Contract.

  10. Liability for crime Conviction for a crime requires both the physical act that constitutes the crime (actus reus) and the guilty mental state or intention to commit the crime (mens rea). General rule - a person cannot be made liable for the crime of another. A master is not liable for the crime of his servant

  11. Liability for crime Exceptions: if it can be shown that i. the servant committed the crime in the execution of orders of his master, or ii. in the absence of express order, that the master knows or ought reasonably to have known that his servant is committing a crime in the course of his employment and he fails to restrain him. A master s liability for the crime of his servant can arise under common law or under statute.

  12. Crime under Common Law a master will be liable for the crime committed in the course of employment by his servant where he authorizes it or knows about it. E.g libel and nuisance Unless the master gives evidence on how he discouraged the commission of the crime. Other than these instances, the employer cannot be made liable.

  13. Crime under Common Law The act committed does not have to be for the benefit of the employer. The test is whether the servant s act falls within the general class of acts which he is employed to do.

  14. Lloyd v. Grace, Smith and Co (1912) AC 716 a solicitor s managing clerk induced an old widow by fraud to part with her title deed and money and later appropriated them. The defence argued that the servant committed the crime for his own benefit and that the employers were not answerable for such an act. The court rejected the argument and held that a fraud committed in the course of business which the servant was authorized or held out as authorized to transact on behalf of his principal was an act done in the course of employment and the masters were liable for it.

  15. Crime under Statutes Some statutes impose duties on the master which he cannot delegate and if he chooses to delegate, he would still be held liable as he would have done so at his own risk. Examples are safety provisions in statutes such as the Factories Act which impose duties on the master personally. A company and its board of directors can also be held vicariously liable by certain statutory provisions since it must act through natural persons. In Board of Customs & Excise v. Agu & Chika Brothers Ltd 3 (1977) 332, the company was held vicariously liable for knowingly importing prohibited goods into the country even though the offence was committed by the company's agents.

  16. Liability for Tort This is the most common area where employer s are made vicariously liable for actions of their workers. As earlier stated, the employer s liability is derivative of the primary liability of the worker. Hence the liability of the worker must first be established.

  17. Igbokwe v. UCH Board of Management (1961) WNLR 173 An in-patient of the hospital fell to his death from the 4thfloor of UCH. The court held that the board of management of the hospital were liable for negligence of the medical staff on duty. a hospital authority is responsible for the acts or omissions of the whole of its staff whether they were surgeons, physicians, nurses or other employees .

  18. Iyere v. BFFM Ltd (2008)18 NWLR [1119] 300 (1) Appellant was employed as silo attendant by the respondent who was assigned, in the course of his employment, to the duty operator to discharge a truck of fish mill. He noticed frequent stoppage in the intake of materials and reported this to the duty operator, who confirmed that he was aware of the problem. The duty operator sent him to clear the conveyor or running machine to check the constant stoppage of intake of materials by the machine. He left the switch operator at the switch room and went down the mill below to clear the stoppage

  19. Iyere v. BFFM Ltd (2008) While there, the switch operator started running the machine without clarifying or getting a feed back from the appellant. The right arm of the appellant was caught in the machine and damaged hence it was operated upon. This led to a permanent deformity of his right arm. The appellant s appointment was later terminated. He brought this action claiming that the alleged termination of his appointment was illegal and asked for special and general damages against the respondent.

  20. Iyere v. BFFM Ltd (2008) The trial court and court of appeal had dismissed his claims on the ground that he did not join the duty operator who was primarily responsible for the accident but only sued the company which was vicariously liable. The Supreme Court in allowing the appeal held that failure of the appellant to join the duty operator could not be a ground for dismissing the appeal because if such a situation is allowed, it would be difficult for most claims based on vicarious liabilities to be successfully prosecuted since all the principals need to do would be to ensure that the servants involved are made unavailable for the purpose of being joined in a contemplated action.

  21. Liability for Tort Sometimes an employer can prohibit a worker from certain acts? Would he still be liable for such prohibited acts? In Jamarkani Transport v. Wullemotu Abeke (1963) 1 All NLR 160, the Supreme court was of the view that a prohibition will affect the employer s liability to the extent that he has limited the servant s scope of employment and that where a master specifically prohibits a servant from engaging in a course of action, he cannot be held vicariously liable unless he acquiesces in the breach of the order.

  22. Liability for Tort However, mere prohibition does not discharge the employer from liability. It has to be examined whether the act falls within the general class of work the servant is employed to do. So where the prohibited act falls within the general class of work the servant is employed to do, the employer may still be held liable unless the prohibition is express and known to the third party. However where a servant departs from his general class of duties for which he is employed, the master will be relieved of vicarious liability. The servant of course remains primarily liable.

  23. Liability to third parties not through workers A master may also be made vicariously liable for the acts of a volunteer in situations of emergency or where a worker who has been authorized to invite others to assist invites such a volunteer.

  24. Independent Contractor A master is however not generally liable for the acts of an independent contractor or the servant of such a contractor in the discharge of their contractual obligations. This is because an independent contractor is not a servant but uses his own discretion to carry out his obligations under the contract.

  25. Independent contractor But the employer can be made liable where (i) the employer interferes with the execution of the contractor s work or in fact exercises control over him (ii) where the work the contractor is employed to do is only to be done at the employer s own risk (iii) a statutory duty is imposed on the employer and he is not to delegate yet he goes ahead to delegate (iv) the work the contractor was engaged to do is unlawful, the employer would be liable for any damage or injury caused to a third party.

  26. Vehicle Owners and Drivers The general principal of law in relation to vehicle owners and agent- drivers in a vicarious liability situation is that the mere ownership of a vehicle does not itself impose any liability on the owner for the negligence of driving of others whom he permits the use of his vehicle. However, under certain circumstances, the law imposes vicarious liability on such an owner for the negligent use of his vehicle, irrespective of the existence of any contract of service between the owner and the driver. Generally, to make the vehicle-owner vicariously liable for the negligent use of his vehicle, two elements must be proved. (a) That the use is authorised, expressly or impliedly; and (b) That the driving was either wholly or partly in the execution of a task or purpose on the owner s behalf. It was held in Higbid v. R.C. Hammert (1932) 49t.L.R. 104. that the mere fact that a man has the authority of a vehicle owner to drive his vehicle does not suffice to make the owner liable for his negligent driving, otherwise any man who allows another the use of his vehicle stands in peril while the vehicle is being used. See Odebunmi V. Abdullahi (1997) 2 NWLR (PT. 489) 526.

  27. Liability on Contract S. 91 Labour Act an employer is any person who has entered into a contract of employment to employ any other person as a worker either for himself or for the service of any other person An employer can be brought under the law of agency. The worker would be seen to act as the agent of the employer. Section 9(2) LA provides that an employer shall be responsible for the performance of any contract made by any person acting on his behalf. Where relationship of master-servant exists, master is liable for torts/wrongs of servant so long as they were committed in the course of employment

  28. In The Course Of Employment Joel v. Morison (1834) 6 Carrington & Payne 501 (Parker B): The master is only liable where the servant is acting in the course of his employment. If he was going out of his way, against his master s implied commands, when driving on his master s business, he will make his master liable; but if he was going on a frolic of his own, without being at all on his master s business, the master will not be liable.

  29. Acts Committed In The Course Of Employment Such an act is committed in the course of employment or within the scope of duty. See ACB v APUGO (1995) 6 NWLR (pt 399) p. 65 This is a question of fact Was the act authorised by the master? Is the act a wrongful/unauthorised mode of doing an act authorised by the employer/master? 29

  30. Liability on Contract There are different kinds of agency, whether the employer would be bound or not will depend on the kind of agency. Agency can be due to ratification by the employer of the worker s prior unauthorized act. It can also be based on estoppels where the employer by his action has held out the servant to a third party as his agent. It can also be created in situations of emergency where a worker acts in order to preserve or protect the interest of his employers.

  31. Liability on Contract Note: the mere relationship of master/servant does not automatically mean that the servant acts as the master's agent in all respects. The servant must have one of the types of authority that can confer an agency relationship whether express, implied, usual, by ratification, estoppels or necessity. although the particular act which gave rise to cause of action is unauthorised, if the act is done in the course of employment which is authorised, then the master is liable for act of his servant In Century v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board (1942) A.C 509, a driver of a petrol tanker lit a cigarette in the course of duty. He then threw the match on the floor, causing a conflagration. His employer was held liable.

  32. Authorised act done in an improper manner In London County Council v Cattermoles (1953) 2 All ER 581; a servant employed on a garage was only authorised to push/move cars from one place to another and not drive them. He drove a van unto the highway resulting in a head on collision with the plaintiff s van. His employers were held liable. HELD - Moving cars by hand or other means was within the scope of his employment. Although driving the van is a wrongful/unauthorised way of performing an authorised act, it was incidental to his scope of employment.

  33. Justifications for Vicarious Liability It is suggested that if an employer derives an economic benefit from their employees work, they should bear any related burdens; a person who employs others to advance his own economic interest should in fairness be placed under a corresponding liability for losses incurred in the course of the enterprise. The victim of the wrong doing should be able to seek compensation from a source better placed financially than the employee who actually committed the tort.

  34. Justifications for Vicarious Liability Also, employers are in the best position to reduce the likelihood of workplace accidents, and indeed intentional wrongdoing by their employees through imaginative and efficient administration and supervision. The imposition of strict liability acts as an incentive encouraging employers not only to maintain standards of good practice and to take care when making appointments but to explore ways of going beyond those set, by the standard of a reasonable person.

Related


More Related Content

giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#