Understanding Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA in Genetics

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Chromosomes,
genes and DNA
 
By: Tala Dababneh
 
Lesson overview
 
In this lesson we will understand
that organisms inherit
characteristics from their parents
through genetic
material that is carried in cell nuclei
 
2
 
What are genes?
 
Genes are set of instructions
contained in the nucleus cell
 
some genes are the same in
everyone so we all have similar
bodies , other genes help to make us
all slightly different
Your genes determine your traits,
such as eye color and blood type
DNA
DNA is a molecule that carries all the genetic
information (A short section of a DNA is a gene)
 
3
 
Chromosomes
 
4
 
A chromosome is a long
thin thread that is made
up of proteins and DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) .
Each cell normally
contains 46
chromosomes arranged
in 23 pairs .
 
How are chromosomes, genes and DNA all
linked to each other ?
 
5
 
The long thin threads in the cell nuclei are the chromosomes. They are made from a giant
molecule which is the DNA scattered along each chromosome are special section of
DNA are the genes
 
cell
 
Chromosome
 
DNA
 
Gene
 
6
 
Characteristics
 
Blood group
Body mass
Height
Intelligence
 
Characteristics controlled by the environment
 
Language and accent spoken
Body mass
Height
Intelligence
 
Characteristics controlled by genes
 
A human cells have 23 pairs because we inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent so we
inherit half of each parent’s genes and two copies of each gene and also take different
characteristics that are transmitted from parents to offspring
 
every human has two forms of
chromosomes called X and Y
 
Sex chromosomes
 
7
 
Sex chromosome carry the
genes that decide whether
you are a female or male.
Females have two X
chromosomes and males
have an X and Y
chromosome.
 
Why do parents are equally likely to
have a boy or girl ?
 
8
 
A fertilized egg cell could get
two X chromosomes and
produce a girl, or get an X and
a Y chromosome and produce
a boy. The diagram shows that
the chances of producing a boy
is a 50% chance and a chance
to get a girl is also a 50%
chance
 
9
 
What decides the
gender the
fertilized egg grows
into?
 
Males can make two sorts of
sex cells. On average, half a
mans sperm carry X
chromosomes and have
carry Y chromosomes, so the
sperm cell decides the
gender
.
 
10
 
Dominant and recessive genes
 
A gene that always affects an
organism even when only one
copy of the dominant gene is
present
 
Recessive genes
 
A gene that has no affect when
only on copy of the recessive
gene is present
 
Dominant genes
 
The terms dominant and recessive describe the inheritance patterns of certain traits. That
is, they describe how likely it is for a certain phenotype to pass from parent offspring
.
 
Phenotype
 
Genotype
 
The set of observable characteristics
of an individual resulting from the
interaction of its genotype with the
environment
.
 
an organism's complete
set of genes. It is the
heritery information ex.
BB or Bb
11
Q1. T/F The
nucleus of every
cell contains 23
chromosome
 
False, they contain 46
chromosomes
12
Q2 Explain why
you have two
copies of every
gene
 
The genes on paired
chromosomes do the same
jobs as each other, so we
inherit two copies of each
gene one from each parent
13
Q3 What is the
genotype of a
person with two
dominant alleles
for long eye lashes
 
LL
undefined
 
Thank
You
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This educational material explores the fundamentals of chromosomes, genes, and DNA, highlighting how genetic material is inherited from parents, determining traits such as eye color, blood type, and more. It explains the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and DNA, emphasizing their importance in controlling various characteristics in humans. Additionally, it delves into sex chromosomes and how they determine an individual's gender.


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  1. Chromosomes, genes and DNA By: Tala Dababneh

  2. Jens Martensson Lesson overview In this lesson we will understand that organisms inherit characteristics from their parents through genetic material that is carried in cell nuclei 2

  3. What are genes? Genes are set of instructions contained in the nucleus cell some genes are the same in everyone so we all have similar bodies , other genes help to make us all slightly different Your genes determine your traits, such as eye color and blood type DNA DNA is a molecule that carries all the genetic information (A short section of a DNA is a gene) Jens Martensson 3

  4. Chromosomes A chromosome is a long thin thread that is made up of proteins and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) . Each cell normally contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs . Jens Martensson 4

  5. How are chromosomes, genes and DNA all linked to each other ? The long thin threads in the cell nuclei are the chromosomes. They are made from a giant molecule which is the DNA scattered along each chromosome are special section of DNA are the genes cell Chromosome DNA Jens Martensson Gene 5

  6. Characteristics A human cells have 23 pairs because we inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent so we inherit half of each parent s genes and two copies of each gene and also take different characteristics that are transmitted from parents to offspring Characteristics controlled by genes Characteristics controlled by the environment Language and accent spoken Body mass Height Intelligence Jens Martensson Blood group Body mass Height Intelligence 6

  7. Sex chromosomes every human has two forms of chromosomes called X and Y Sex chromosome carry the genes that decide whether you are a female or male. Females have two X chromosomes and males have an X and Y chromosome. Jens Martensson 7

  8. Why do parents are equally likely to have a boy or girl ? A fertilized egg cell could get two X chromosomes and produce a girl, or get an X and a Y chromosome and produce a boy. The diagram shows that the chances of producing a boy is a 50% chance and a chance to get a girl is also a 50% chance Jens Martensson 8

  9. What decides the gender the fertilized egg grows into? Jens Martensson Males can make two sorts of sex cells. On average, half a mans sperm carry X chromosomes and have carry Y chromosomes, so the sperm cell decides the gender. 9

  10. Dominant and recessive genes The terms dominant and recessive describe the inheritance patterns of certain traits. That is, they describe how likely it is for a certain phenotype to pass from parent offspring. Dominant genes Recessive genes A gene that has no affect when only on copy of the recessive gene is present A gene that always affects an organism even when only one copy of the dominant gene is present Jens Martensson Genotype an organism's complete set of genes. It is the heritery information ex. BB or Bb Phenotype The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. 10

  11. Q1. T/F The nucleus of every cell contains 23 chromosome Jens Martensson False, they contain 46 chromosomes 11

  12. Q2 Explain why you have two copies of every gene Jens Martensson The genes on paired chromosomes do the same jobs as each other, so we inherit two copies of each gene one from each parent 12

  13. Q3 What is the genotype of a person with two dominant alleles for long eye lashes Jens Martensson LL 13

  14. Thank You

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