Overview of Distributed Operating Systems

 
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING
SYSTEM
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION
 
An operating system is a program that
controls the resources of a computer
and provides its user with an interface
or a virtual machine that’s more
convenient to use than bear machine.
 
 
To begin with, we use the term
distributed system to mean a
distributed operating system as
opposed to a database system or some
distributed application system such as
a banking system, another name for a
distributed operating system is DIS-
CENTRALIZED OPERATING
SYSTEM.
 
 
Example of a centralized (not
distributed) operating system are; MS-
DOS, UNIX, and CP/M.
 
 
A distributed operating system is the
one that look to its user like an
ordinary centralized operating system
but runs on multiple, independent,
central processing unit (CPU). The key
concept in distributed operating system
is the TRANPARENCY. What
determine a distributed operating
system are the software and not the
hardware.
 
 
 
 
In distributed system, the error can be
made to tolerate both hardware and
software error but it is the software
error and not the hardware that cleans
the error when it occurs.
 
 
Network OS is used to manage
Networked computer systems and
create, maintain and transfer files in
that Network.
Distributed OS is also similar to
Networked OS but in addition to it the
platform on which it is running should
have high configuration such as more
capacity RAM, High speed Processor.
The main difference between the DOS
and the NOS is the transparent issue:
Transparency:
 
 
- How aware are users of the fact that
multiple computers are
being used?
 
 
Types of Distributed Operating
Systems
 
 
Network Operating Systems
 
 
Distributed Operating Systems
 
 
Users are aware where resources are
located
 
 
Network OS is built on top of
centralized OS.
 
 
 Handles interfacing and coordination
between local OSs.
 
 
Users are aware of multiplicity of
machines.
 
 
Designed to control and optimize
operations and resources in
distributed system.
-
 
Users are not aware of multiplicity
of machines
-
 
Access to remote resources similar
to access to local resources
-
 
Data Migration – transfer data by
transferring entire file, or transferring
only those portions of the file
necessary for the immediate task
 -
 
Computation Migration – transfer
the computation, rather than the data,
across the system
 
 
Computation speedup – sub processes
can run concurrently on different sites
-
 
Process Migration – execute an
entire process, or parts of it, at
different sites
-
 
Load balancing – distribute
processes across network to even the
workload
-
 
Hardware preference – process
execution may require specialized
processor
-
 
Software preference – required
software may be available at only a
particular site
-
 
Data access – run process
remotely, rather than transfer all data
locally
 
 
The Cambridge Distributed Computing
System
 
 
Amoeba
 
 
The V Kernel
 
 
The Eden Project
 
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Process management provides policies and mechanisms for
effective and efficient sharing of a system's distributed
processing resources between that system's distributed processes.
These policies and mechanisms support operations involving the
allocation and de-allocation of processes and ports to processors,
as well as provisions to run, suspend, migrate, halt, or resume
execution of processes. While these distributed operating system
resources and the operations on them can be either local or
remote with respect to each other, the distributed operating
system must still maintain complete state of and synchronization
over all processes in the system; and do so in a manner
completely consistent from the user's unified system perspective.
 
resource deadlocks
 
 
communication deadlocks
 
 
The main goal of distributed system is
the enormous rate of technological
change in micro processor technology.
 
 
Micro processors have become
powerful and cheap compared with
mainframes and minicomputer, so it
has become attractive to think about
designing large system that composes
of many processors.
 
 
Relative simplicity of software: each
software has a dedicated function.
 
 
Incremental growth.
 
 
Reliability and availability.
 
 
WEAKNESS
 
 
Unless one is very careful, it is easy for
the communication protocol overhead
to become a major source of in
efficiency.
 
 
With distributed systems, a high degree
of fault tolerance is often, at least, an
implicit goal.
 
 
A more fundamental problem in
distributed system is the lack of global
state information.
 
 
It is hard to schedule the processor
optimally if you are not sure how many
are up at the moment.
 
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Distributed Operating Systems (DOS) manage computer resources and provide users with convenient interfaces. Unlike centralized systems, DOS runs on multiple independent CPUs and prioritizes software over hardware. It ensures transparency and fault tolerance, with a focus on software error handling. DOS requires high configuration platforms. Users may not always be aware of multiple computers being used. Various types of Distributed Operating Systems exist, offering unique functionalities.


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  1. DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

  2. INTRODUCTION

  3. controls the resources of a computer and provides its user with an interface or a virtual machine that s more convenient to use than bear machine.

  4. opposed to a database system or some distributed application system such as a banking system, another name for a distributed operating system is DIS- CENTRALIZED OPERATING SYSTEM.

  5. Example of a centralized (not distributed) operating system are; MS- DOS, UNIX, and CP/M.

  6. but runs on multiple, independent, central processing unit (CPU). The key concept in distributed operating system is the TRANPARENCY. What determine a distributed operating system are the software and not the hardware.

  7. made to tolerate both hardware and software error but it is the software error and not the hardware that cleans the error when it occurs.

  8. Distributed OS is also similar to Networked OS but in addition to it the platform on which it is running should have high configuration such as more capacity RAM, High speed Processor. The main difference between the DOS and the NOS is the transparent issue: Transparency:

  9. - How aware are users of the fact that multiple computers are being used?

  10. Types of Distributed Operating Systems

  11. Network Operating Systems

  12. Distributed Operating Systems

  13. Users are aware where resources are located

  14. Network OS is built on top of centralized OS.

  15. Handles interfacing and coordination between local OSs.

  16. Users are aware of multiplicity of machines.

  17. - Access to remote resources similar to access to local resources Data Migration transfer data by transferring entire file, or transferring only those portions of the file necessary for the immediate task - Computation Migration transfer the computation, rather than the data, across the system -

  18. workload Hardware preference process execution may require specialized processor - Software preference required software may be available at only a particular site - Data access run process remotely, rather than transfer all data locally -

  19. The Cambridge Distributed Computing System

  20. Amoeba

  21. The V Kernel

  22. The Eden Project PROCESS MANAGEMENT Process management provides policies and mechanisms for effective and efficient sharing of a system's distributed processing resources between that system's distributed processes. These policies and mechanisms support operations involving the allocation and de-allocation of processes and ports to processors, as well as provisions to run, suspend, migrate, halt, or resume execution of processes. While these distributed operating system resources and the operations on them can be either local or remote with respect to each other, the distributed operating system must still maintain complete state of and synchronization over all processes in the system; and do so in a manner completely consistent from the user's unified system perspective.

  23. resource deadlocks

  24. communication deadlocks

  25. The main goal of distributed system is the enormous rate of technological change in micro processor technology.

  26. powerful and cheap compared with mainframes and minicomputer, so it has become attractive to think about designing large system that composes of many processors.

  27. Relative simplicity of software: each software has a dedicated function.

  28. Incremental growth.

  29. Reliability and availability.

  30. WEAKNESS

  31. Unless one is very careful, it is easy for the communication protocol overhead to become a major source of in efficiency.

  32. With distributed systems, a high degree of fault tolerance is often, at least, an implicit goal.

  33. A more fundamental problem in distributed system is the lack of global state information.

  34. It is hard to schedule the processor optimally if you are not sure how many are up at the moment.

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