Insights into Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications

 
Biotechnology: Concept and
Scope
 
Kamal Kumar Gupta
 
Biotechnology -Definition
 
The application of scientific and engineering
principles to the 
processing of material 
by
biological agents 
to provide goods and
services
The industrial production of goods and
services by processes using biological
organisms, systems, and processes,
 
Karl Ereky
 
Karl Ereky
, a Hungarian
engineer, coined the term
“biotechnology” in 1917
 
He described an integrated
process for the 
large-scale
production of pigs by using
sugar beets as the source of
food
 
Principal steps of a bioengineered biotechnology
process
 
Upstream processing:
Preparation of the 
microorganism
 and the 
raw
materials
 required for the microorganism to grow
and produce the desired product
 
Fermentation and transformation:
Growth (fermentation) of the target
Microorganism in a large bioreactor (usually >100
liters) with the consequent production
(biotransformation) of a desired compound,
which can be, for example, an antibiotic, an
amino acid, or a protein
 
Downstream processing:
Purification
 of the desired compound from either
the cell medium or the cell mass
 
Initial efforts to enhance product yields focused on creating
variants (mutants) by using chemical mutagens 
or ultraviolet
radiation to induce changes in the genetic constitution of
existing strains.
However, the level of improvement that could be achieved in
this way was usually 
limited biologically
.
If a mutated strain, for example, synthesized too much of a
compound, other metabolic functions often were impaired,
thereby causing the strain’s growth during large-scale
fermentation to be less than desired.
Despite this constraint, the traditional “induced mutagenesis
and selection” strategies of strain improvement were
extremely successful for a number of processes, such as the
production of antibiotics
 
Improvement of the Microbial strain
 
 Development of useful and improved biological
products and processes and to create new
products that would not otherwise occur.
 
Molecular Biotechnology
 
Methods require knowledge of and
manipulation of genes for the purpose of
producing useful goods and services using
living organisms 
is known as molecular
biotechnology.
The pivotal development that enabled this
technology was the establishment of
techniques to isolate genes and to transfer
them from one organism to another
 
Recombinant DNA Technology
 
The technology began as a
lunch time conversation at a
scientific conference in 1973.
Stanley Cohen
, 
Stanford
University in California:
 had
been developing methods to
transfer plasmids, small
circular DNA molecules, into
bacterial cells.
Herbert Boyer, University of
California at San Francisco:
was working with enzymes
that cut DNA at specific
nucleotide sequences.
 
 
Recombinant DNA Technology
 
 
Over lunch at a scientific meeting, they
reasoned that Boyer’s enzyme could be used
to splice a specific segment of DNA into a
plasmid and then the recombinant plasmid
could be introduced into a host bacterium
using Cohen’s method.
 
Commercialization of Molecular
Biotechnology
 
The potential of recombinant DNA technology reached
the public with a frenzy of excitement, and many
people became rich on its promise.
 Indeed, within 
20 minutes 
of the start of trading on
the New York Stock Exchange on 14 October 1980, the
price of shares in 
Genentech
, the company, founded by
Cohen and Boyer 
with chemist and entrepreneur
Robert Swanson
, that produced recombinant human
insulin, went from 
$35 to $89
. This was the fastest
increase in the value of any initial public offering in the
history of the market.
 
Insulin: First commercial product from DNA
Technology
 
The first commercial product produced using recombinant
DNA technology was human insulin, which is used in the
treatment of diabetes.
The DNA sequence that encodes human insulin was
synthesized,
It was transplanted into a plasmid that could be maintained
in the common bacterium 
Escherichia coli.
The bacterial host cells acted as biological factories for the
production of the two peptide chains of human insulin
These are combined, purified and used to treat diabetics
who were allergic to the commercially available porcine
(pig) insulin.
 
Many scientific disciplines contribute to molecular biotechnology, which
generates a wide range of commercial products
 
 
Molecular biotechnology use knowledge from a
diverse set of fundamental scientific disciplines to
create commercial products that are useful in a
wide range of applications
The biotechnology component was perfected by
industrial microbiologists and chemical engineers,
The recombinant DNA technology portion is an
outcome of discoveries in molecular biology,
bacterial genetics, and nucleic acid enzymology
 
Advantage of Molecular Biotechnology
 
Genetic engineering provided the means to create,
rather than merely isolate, highly productive strains.
Bacteria and eukaryotic cells were used for the
production of insulin, interferon, growth hormone,
viral antigens, and a variety of other therapeutic
proteins.
Recombinant DNA technology could also be used to
facilitate the biological production of large amounts of
useful low-molecular-weight compounds and
macromolecules that occur naturally in minuscule
quantities.
 
Advantage of Molecular Biotechnology
 
Plants and animals became targets to act as
natural bioreactors for producing new or
altered gene products that could never have
been created either by mutagenesis and
selection or by crossbreeding.
Molecular biotechnology has become the
standard method for developing living systems
with novel functions and capabilities for the
synthesis of important commercial products.
 
Thrust areas
 
Development of technologies
Agriculture and agro based industries
Food security
Health
Environment
 
 
Development of large variety of experimental
protocols that made  identifying, isolating,
characterizing, and utilizing genes more
efficient and relatively easy
 
 
These technological developments have had an
enormous impact on generating new knowledge in
practically all biological disciplines, including
Animal behavior,
Developmental biology,
Molecular evolution, cell biology,
Human genetics.
Indeed, the emergence of the field of genomics was
dependent on the ability to clone large fragments of
DNA into plasmids in preparation for sequence
determination
 
 
In the 25 years since the commercial production
of recombinant human insulin, more than 200
new drugs produced by recombinant DNA
technology have been used to treat over 300
million people for diseases such as cancer,
multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, and strokes and
to provide protection against infectious diseases.
Over 400 new drugs are in the process of being
tested in human trials to treat Alzheimer disease
and heart disease.
 
 
Similarly, many new molecular biotechnology
products for enhancing crop and livestock
yields, decreasing pesticide use, and
improving industrial processes, such as the
manufacture of pulp and paper, food, energy,
and textiles, have been created and are being
marketed.
 
Commercialization of Molecular
Biotechnology
 
Organisms with novel genetic constitutions could be readily
created.
It was predicted that some genetically engineered
microorganisms would replace chemical fertilizers and others
Would eat up oil spills,
Plants with inherited resistance to a variety of pests and
exceptional nutritional content would be created,
Livestock would have faster growing times, more efficient
feed utilization,
Meat with low fat content.
 
Commercialization of Molecular
Biotechnology
 
Today we see that, despite the commercial hype that
dominated reality in the beginning, this infatuation with
recombinant DNA technology was not totally unfounded.
A number of the more sensible versions of the initial claims,
although trimmed in scope, have become realities.
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Biotechnology involves the application of scientific and engineering principles to utilize biological agents for producing goods and services. The field encompasses processes like upstream processing, fermentation, and downstream processing to create valuable compounds. Initially, efforts focused on enhancing product yields through mutation, leading to the development of improved microbial strains and innovative products. Molecular biotechnology further advances by manipulating genes to produce beneficial outcomes.


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  1. Biotechnology: Concept and Scope Kamal Kumar Gupta

  2. Biotechnology -Definition The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide goods and services The industrial production of goods and services by processes organisms, systems, and processes, using biological

  3. Karl Ereky Karl Ereky, a Hungarian engineer, coined the term biotechnology in 1917 He described an integrated process for the large-scale production of pigs by using sugar beets as the source of food

  4. Principal steps of a bioengineered biotechnology process Upstream processing: Preparation of the microorganism and the raw materials required for the microorganism to grow and produce the desired product Fermentation and transformation: Growth (fermentation) of the target Microorganism in a large bioreactor (usually >100 liters) with the consequent production (biotransformation) of a desired compound, which can be, for example, an antibiotic, an amino acid, or a protein Downstream processing: Purification of the desired compound from either the cell medium or the cell mass

  5. Initial efforts to enhance product yields focused on creating variants (mutants) by using chemical mutagens or ultraviolet radiation to induce changes in the genetic constitution of existing strains. However, the level of improvement that could be achieved in this way was usually limited biologically. If a mutated strain, for example, synthesized too much of a compound, other metabolic functions often were impaired, thereby causing the strain s growth during large-scale fermentation to be less than desired. Despite this constraint, the traditional induced mutagenesis and selection strategies of strain improvement were extremely successful for a number of processes, such as the production of antibiotics

  6. Improvement of the Microbial strain Development of useful and improved biological products and processes and to create new products that would not otherwise occur.

  7. Molecular Biotechnology Methods manipulation of genes for the purpose of producing useful goods and services using living organisms is known as molecular biotechnology. The pivotal development that enabled this technology was the techniques to isolate genes and to transfer them from one organism to another require knowledge of and establishment of

  8. Recombinant DNA Technology The technology began as a lunch time conversation at a scientific conference in 1973. Stanley Cohen, University in California: had been developing methods to transfer plasmids, circular DNA molecules, into bacterial cells. Herbert Boyer, University of California at San Francisco: was working with enzymes that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. Stanford small

  9. Recombinant DNA Technology Over lunch at a scientific meeting, they reasoned that Boyer s enzyme could be used to splice a specific segment of DNA into a plasmid and then the recombinant plasmid could be introduced into a host bacterium using Cohen s method.

  10. Commercialization of Molecular Biotechnology The potential of recombinant DNA technology reached the public with a frenzy of excitement, and many people became rich on its promise. Indeed, within 20 minutes of the start of trading on the New York Stock Exchange on 14 October 1980, the price of shares in Genentech, the company, founded by Cohen and Boyer with chemist and entrepreneur Robert Swanson, that produced recombinant human insulin, went from $35 to $89. This was the fastest increase in the value of any initial public offering in the history of the market.

  11. Insulin: First commercial product from DNA Technology The first commercial product produced using recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, which is used in the treatment of diabetes. The DNA sequence that encodes human insulin was synthesized, It was transplanted into a plasmid that could be maintained in the common bacterium Escherichia coli. The bacterial host cells acted as biological factories for the production of the two peptide chains of human insulin These are combined, purified and used to treat diabetics who were allergic to the commercially available porcine (pig) insulin.

  12. Many scientific disciplines contribute to molecular biotechnology, which generates a wide range of commercial products

  13. Molecular biotechnology use knowledge from a diverse set of fundamental scientific disciplines to create commercial products that are useful in a wide range of applications The biotechnology component was perfected by industrial microbiologists and chemical engineers, The recombinant DNA technology portion is an outcome of discoveries in molecular biology, bacterial genetics, and nucleic acid enzymology

  14. Advantage of Molecular Biotechnology Genetic engineering provided the means to create, rather than merely isolate, highly productive strains. Bacteria and eukaryotic cells were used for the production of insulin, interferon, growth hormone, viral antigens, and a variety of other therapeutic proteins. Recombinant DNA technology could also be used to facilitate the biological production of large amounts of useful low-molecular-weight macromolecules that occur naturally in minuscule quantities. compounds and

  15. Advantage of Molecular Biotechnology Plants and animals became targets to act as natural bioreactors for producing new or altered gene products that could never have been created either by mutagenesis and selection or by crossbreeding. Molecular biotechnology has become the standard method for developing living systems with novel functions and capabilities for the synthesis of important commercial products.

  16. Thrust areas Development of technologies Agriculture and agro based industries Food security Health Environment

  17. Development of large variety of experimental protocols that made identifying, isolating, characterizing, and utilizing genes more efficient and relatively easy

  18. These technological developments have had an enormous impact on generating new knowledge in practically all biological disciplines, including Animal behavior, Developmental biology, Molecular evolution, cell biology, Human genetics. Indeed, the emergence of the field of genomics was dependent on the ability to clone large fragments of DNA into plasmids in preparation for sequence determination

  19. In the 25 years since the commercial production of recombinant human insulin, more than 200 new drugs produced by recombinant DNA technology have been used to treat over 300 million people for diseases such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, and strokes and to provide protection against infectious diseases. Over 400 new drugs are in the process of being tested in human trials to treat Alzheimer disease and heart disease.

  20. Similarly, many new molecular biotechnology products for enhancing crop and livestock yields, decreasing improving industrial processes, such as the manufacture of pulp and paper, food, energy, and textiles, have been created and are being marketed. pesticide use, and

  21. Commercialization of Molecular Biotechnology Organisms with novel genetic constitutions could be readily created. It was predicted that some genetically engineered microorganisms would replace chemical fertilizers and others Would eat up oil spills, Plants with inherited resistance to a variety of pests and exceptional nutritional content would be created, Livestock would have faster growing times, more efficient feed utilization, Meat with low fat content.

  22. Commercialization of Molecular Biotechnology Today we see that, despite the commercial hype that dominated reality in the beginning, this infatuation with recombinant DNA technology was not totally unfounded. A number of the more sensible versions of the initial claims, although trimmed in scope, have become realities.

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