Understanding Teacher Well-Being: Challenges and Solutions

 
Teacher Well-Being:
Current Knowledge, Future Innovation
 
Mark T. Greenberg  Ph.D.
Bennett Chair of Prevention Science –
Pennsylvania State University
 
 
 
What I Will Discuss
 
Trends in Teacher Satisfaction, Burnout, Attrition
Why These Trends Are Occurring?
Sources of Teacher Stress
Impacts of Teacher Stress
Promising Approaches and the Need for Innovation
Our Agenda and Process for Today
 
Teacher Satisfaction Has Plummeted
 
 
MetLife Survey of the  American
Teacher
 
“. . . teacher satisfaction has decreased by 15 points
since the MetLife Survey of the American Teacher
measured job satisfaction two years ago, now reaching
the lowest level of job satisfaction seen in the survey
series in more than two decades” (2012, p. 3).
 
AFT Survey (2015)
 
Non-representative survey of 30,000 US Teachers
70% found their jobs stressful
               I am Enthusiastic About Teaching
 
Teacher Attrition
 
 
Teacher Attrition
 
What are the true rates??
This varies dramatically by location, disadvantage
and other contextual conditions
Nationwide 
 likely in the range of 7%/year in the
first 5 years of teaching (30-40% leave)
Higher Attrition in situations of:
Low pay (under 40K)
Charter schools
(Cano 
 Over 5 years, 80% of Charter teachers vs. 36% of
Public School teachers 5 years in Texas)
 
What are the Causes and
Consequences of Teacher Stress
and Well-Being?
 
 
Four Main Sources of
Teacher Stress & Burnout
 
 
School Organization: Leadership,
Culture and Climate
Relationships: School Leadership
Relationships: Collaborative, collegial
environment among teachers
 
Job Demands
High Stakes Testing
Control over Content and Pace of Work
Managing students with behavioral and
emotional problems
Working with Difficult or Uncooperative
Parents
 
Work Resources
Low Job Autonomy
  
Rate increased from 18 to 24% from 2004-2012
Participation in School Decision-Making and
Creation on Realistic Expectation
Teachers report lowest rate of all professions
in ”their opinions count at work”
 
Teacher’s Personal Resources:
Social and Emotional Competence
Teacher SEC influences student and
classroom outcomes
Teachers with high SEC report more positive
affect, enjoyment of teaching, higher job
satisfaction, and personal accomplishment
Teachers with better emotion regulation
skills reinforce positive student behavior
 
 
The Prosocial Classroom:
A Model of Teacher Social and Emotional Competence and
Classroom and Child Outcomes
 
What Are the Consequences of
Teacher Stress/Burnout on
Students?
 
 
The Burnout Cascade
 
 
Teacher Stress and Student Stress
 
Assessed cortisol levels of ~ 400 children and Burnout of their
Teachers
Students’ cortisol levels were much higher in classrooms led
by a teacher who had reported feeling overwhelmed (high on
burnout).
Cause and effect?
 
Oberle & Schonert-Reichl (2016)
 
Teacher Stress and Student Performance
 
Teachers who report greater burnout early in the
school year have classrooms with more behavior
problems across the year.
When teachers are highly stressed, children show
lower levels of both social adjustment and
academic performance.
These are longitudinal studies
Cause & Effect Are Clear
 
McLean & Connor, 2015 ; Hoglund et al, 2015
 
Teacher Stress and Teacher Health
 
Teachers ability to manage stress (at the
physiological level as assessed by cortisol)
deteriorates across the school year.
 
Elementary school teachers who have greater
stress and show more symptoms of depression
create classroom environments that are less
conducive to learning
 
Effects of Teacher Turnover
 
Higher teacher turnover had a significant
negative effect on both math and language
arts achievement. Turnover was particularly
harmful to lower-performing students.
Creates chaos and lack of continuity for
school, students, and families 
Contributes to neighborhood destabilization
Estimated Cost is 7.3 Billion Dollars/Year
 
Ronfeldt, M., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, 2013
 
What Factors Lead Teachers to Leave
Schools or Teaching as a Profession
 
Occupational support from principals
Interpersonal trust, communication, and
collaboration with colleagues
High stakes testing
Lack of job autonomy (which has declined)
 
What Factors Lead to Teacher to Stay
 
Principals who effectively lead
High-Quality, comprehensive mentoring
support
Engagement in School-Based Decision-Making
Quality, well-supported Professional Learning
Communities?
 
 
Both Children and Adults need 
Emotion Regulation
skills
Teachers and Adults need to create 
Healthy Norms
and a Safe Environment
Schools need to adopt practices that 
create shared
communities of caring and shared leadership
This can include 
high quality SEL skills, mindfulness
skills, expressing caring and gratitude, etc.
This requires 
Principal Leadership
 
Issues in Creating a Caring School
 
Promising Approaches for Prevention:
Where is their evidence?
 
Individual- Organizational Interventions
Quality Mentoring/Induction Programs  (Ellen Moir)
Mindfulness Stress Reduction Programs (Tish Jennings)
Workplace Wellness Programs 
 only two examples
reduced health problems and showed positive cost-benefit
Incentivized 
 lower co-pay and deductibles for participation
   Using Quality Social and Emotional Learning Programs?
Organizational Change Interventions 
(Teresa and Scott McIntyre)
Total Worker Health?
Professional Learning Communities?
Principal Leadership Development?
 
Goal and Process Today
 
1. Place a Focus on the Needs of Teachers as a Central
    Problem in Education Policy Related to:
         
Student Success/Achievement
         Teachers Own Well-Being
          Costs
2. Hear from Experts on What Are Potential
     Solutions and Challenges
 
3. Consider Innovations That Can Be Research-Tested To
     Create Usable Solutions to Decrease This “Crisis”
 
Process/Agenda
 
Short Talks to lay out issues
Followed by Panels
Panelists will add their thoughts
Will take questions/thoughts from the group
Table time to Contribute, Digest and Integrate
Closing Thoughts by Tony Bryk and Tim Shriver
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Dive into the current landscape of teacher well-being, exploring trends in satisfaction, burnout, and attrition. Discover the causes and consequences of teacher stress, along with promising approaches for enhancing teacher well-being. Uncover the pressing need for innovation in supporting educators.


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  1. Teacher Well-Being: Current Knowledge, Future Innovation Mark T. Greenberg Ph.D. Bennett Chair of Prevention Science Pennsylvania State University

  2. What I Will Discuss Trends in Teacher Satisfaction, Burnout, Attrition Why These Trends Are Occurring? Sources of Teacher Stress Impacts of Teacher Stress Promising Approaches and the Need for Innovation Our Agenda and Process for Today

  3. Teacher Satisfaction Has Plummeted

  4. MetLife Survey of the American Teacher . . . teacher satisfaction has decreased by 15 points since the MetLife Survey of the American Teacher measured job satisfaction two years ago, now reaching the lowest level of job satisfaction seen in the survey series in more than two decades (2012, p. 3).

  5. AFT Survey (2015) Non-representative survey of 30,000 US Teachers 70% found their jobs stressful I am Enthusiastic About Teaching Start of my career Currently Strongly Agree ]Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Disagree

  6. Teacher Attrition

  7. Teacher Attrition What are the true rates?? This varies dramatically by location, disadvantage and other contextual conditions Nationwide likely in the range of 7%/year in the first 5 years of teaching (30-40% leave) Higher Attrition in situations of: Low pay (under 40K) Charter schools (Cano Over 5 years, 80% of Charter teachers vs. 36% of Public School teachers 5 years in Texas)

  8. What are the Causes and Consequences of Teacher Stress and Well-Being?

  9. Four Main Sources of Teacher Stress & Burnout

  10. School Organization: Leadership, Culture and Climate Relationships: School Leadership Relationships: Collaborative, collegial environment among teachers Teacher Turnover Principal Turnover Teacher Turnover

  11. Job Demands High Stakes Testing Control over Content and Pace of Work Managing students with behavioral and emotional problems Working with Difficult or Uncooperative Parents

  12. Work Resources Low Job Autonomy Rate increased from 18 to 24% from 2004-2012 Participation in School Decision-Making and Creation on Realistic Expectation Teachers report lowest rate of all professions in their opinions count at work

  13. Teachers Personal Resources: Social and Emotional Competence Teacher SEC influences student and classroom outcomes Teachers with high SEC report more positive affect, enjoyment of teaching, higher job satisfaction, and personal accomplishment Teachers with better emotion regulation skills reinforce positive student behavior

  14. The Prosocial Classroom: A Model of Teacher Social and Emotional Competence and Classroom and Child Outcomes Healthy Teacher/Student Relationships Student Effective classroom management skills Teachers Social & Emotional Skills & Well Being Healthy Classroom Climate Social, emotional & academic outcomes Effective SEL implementation School/Community Context Factors Jennings & Greenberg, 2009

  15. What Are the Consequences of Teacher Stress/Burnout on Students?

  16. The Burnout Cascade Emotional Exhaustion De-personalization Lack of Accomplishment

  17. Teacher Stress and Student Stress Assessed cortisol levels of ~ 400 children and Burnout of their Teachers Students cortisol levels were much higher in classrooms led by a teacher who had reported feeling overwhelmed (high on burnout). Cause and effect? Teacher Stress Student Misbehavior Teacher Stress Oberle & Schonert-Reichl (2016)

  18. Teacher Stress and Student Performance Teachers who report greater burnout early in the school year have classrooms with more behavior problems across the year. When teachers are highly stressed, children show lower levels of both social adjustment and academic performance. These are longitudinal studies Cause & Effect Are Clear McLean & Connor, 2015 ; Hoglund et al, 2015

  19. Teacher Stress and Teacher Health Teachers ability to manage stress (at the physiological level as assessed by cortisol) deteriorates across the school year. Elementary school teachers who have greater stress and show more symptoms of depression create classroom environments that are less conducive to learning

  20. Effects of Teacher Turnover Higher teacher turnover had a significant negative effect on both math and language arts achievement. Turnover was particularly harmful to lower-performing students. Creates chaos and lack of continuity for school, students, and families Contributes to neighborhood destabilization Estimated Cost is 7.3 Billion Dollars/Year Ronfeldt, M., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, 2013

  21. What Factors Lead Teachers to Leave Schools or Teaching as a Profession Occupational support from principals Interpersonal trust, communication, and collaboration with colleagues High stakes testing Lack of job autonomy (which has declined)

  22. What Factors Lead to Teacher to Stay Principals who effectively lead High-Quality, comprehensive mentoring support Engagement in School-Based Decision-Making Quality, well-supported Professional Learning Communities?

  23. Issues in Creating a Caring School Both Children and Adults need Emotion Regulation skills Teachers and Adults need to create Healthy Norms and a Safe Environment Schools need to adopt practices that create shared communities of caring and shared leadership This can include high quality SEL skills, mindfulness skills, expressing caring and gratitude, etc. This requires Principal Leadership

  24. Promising Approaches for Prevention: Where is their evidence? Individual- Organizational Interventions Quality Mentoring/Induction Programs (Ellen Moir) Mindfulness Stress Reduction Programs (Tish Jennings) Workplace Wellness Programs only two examples reduced health problems and showed positive cost-benefit Incentivized lower co-pay and deductibles for participation Using Quality Social and Emotional Learning Programs? Organizational Change Interventions (Teresa and Scott McIntyre) Total Worker Health? Professional Learning Communities? Principal Leadership Development?

  25. Goal and Process Today 1. Place a Focus on the Needs of Teachers as a Central Problem in Education Policy Related to: Student Success/Achievement Teachers Own Well-Being Costs 2. Hear from Experts on What Are Potential Solutions and Challenges 3. Consider Innovations That Can Be Research-Tested To Create Usable Solutions to Decrease This Crisis

  26. Process/Agenda Short Talks to lay out issues Followed by Panels Panelists will add their thoughts Will take questions/thoughts from the group Table time to Contribute, Digest and Integrate Closing Thoughts by Tony Bryk and Tim Shriver

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