Mastering Public Speaking Introductions: Strategies and Techniques

 
Public Speaking
 
Module 7: Refining Your Speech
 
Introductions
 
Learning Outcomes: Introductions
 
7.1: 
Identify characteristics of an effective speech introduction
7.1.1: 
Explain the purpose of a speech introduction
7.1.2: 
Describe the different type of introductions
7.1.3: 
Outline strategies to write and revise a strong introduction
 
Purpose of a Speech Introduction
 
Get the audience’s attention
Establish credibility
Provide a reason to listen
Reveal the thesis
Preview main points
 
Types of Attention Getters
 
Quick and Easy
: (low-order)
Little time to prepare, audience is positively invested in your topic
Rhetorical Question
Quotation
 
Audience-Centered
: (higher-order)
More time to prepare
, 
audience is unfamiliar and/or positively invested in topic
Refer to the audience
Refer to a recent, current, or historical event
Hypothetical Scenario
 
Relevant and Stimulating
: (highest-order)
Ample time to prepare, audience is unfamiliar and/or disagrees with your thesis
Anecdote
Provocative Statement
Startling Statistic or Strange Fact
 
Questions for a Strong Introduction
 
1.
How long is my introduction?
2.
How effective is my attention-getter
3.
Have I linked my attention-getter to my topic?
4.
How strong is my thesis?
5.
Have I provided a reason to listen?
6.
How easy is it to recall my preview?
7.
How have I established my credibility?
 
Practice Question 1
 
If my attention getting device is: “What would you do with one million dollars?”
how could I improve my introduction?
 
A.
Make it a statement instead of a question
B.
Tell a story about a recent lottery winner
C.
Use a famous quotation
D.
Bring in monopoly money to throw as well
 
 
 
Practice Question 2
 
What does not work about the following introduction?
Andrew was walking down the street when an alien popped out in front of him. The
possibility of us popping in front of aliens is not too far away. In fact, some of us in this class
may find themselves booking a ticket around the moon!  Today, let’s discuss the future of
private space tourism.  We will begin by first, exploring the partnership between SpaceX and
NASA, then project where we could potentially go with space tourism, and finally evaluate
the impacts of introducing Earthlings to the larger intergalactic community.”
 
A.
The attention getter does not link to the topic
B.
The preview is lacking signposts
C.
The thesis is unclear
D.
There is no reason to listen
 
 
 
Class Activity: Write an Introduction
 
Write 3 different attention getters for a persuasive speech urging students to
enroll in a public speaking class.
 
Conclusions
 
Learning Outcomes: Conclusions
 
7.2: 
Identify characteristics of an effective speech conclusion
7.2.1: 
Explain the purpose of a speech conclusion
7.2.2: 
Describe the different types of conclusions
7.2.3: 
Outline strategies to write and revise a strong conclusion
 
Purpose of a Speech Conclusion
 
Review Main Points
Restate the Thesis
Provide a Lasting Thought
 
Types of Lasting Thoughts in Conclusions
 
Low-Order
:
Rhetorical Question
Quotation
 
High-Order
:
Visualize the Future
Call to Action
Clear and direct
Immediate
Lowers barriers to action
Focuses on the benefits to the audience
Personalized to the power of audience member
s
 
Questions for a Strong Conclusion
 
1.
How long is my conclusion?
2.
Have I included any new ideas in my conclusion?
3.
How easy is it to recall my review?
4.
Is the thesis of the speech clearly articulated?
5.
Have I linked back to my attention-getting device?
6.
How effective is my lasting thought?
7.
How well can I deliver my conclusion?
 
Practice Question 3
 
Identify what is wrong with the following call to action:
 
“So go out today and become a volunteer.  The feeling you will get can only
be matched by the friends you will meet.”
 
A.
It is not immediate
B.
It does not lower barriers to action
C.
It does not focus on the benefits to the audience
D.
It is not clear and direct
 
Class Discussion: Label the conclusion
 
Identify the elements of the following conclusion:
Today, we’ve discussed the future of private space tourism.  We began by first, exploring the
partnership between SpaceX and NASA, then projected where we could potentially go with
space tourism, and finally evaluated the impacts of introducing Earthlings to the larger
intergalactic community. While Andrew may not be seeing an alien any time too soon, our
world is certainly expanding.  One day, not too far off, we may all be gazing out at the earth
instead of the moon.
 
Review of Main Points
Restating Thesis (Central Idea)
Lasting Thought
Link to the Attention Getter
 
 
 
 
 
Connectors and Transitions
 
Learning Outcomes: Connectors and Transitions
 
7.3: 
Identify characteristics of effective connectors and transitions
7.3.1: 
Explain the purpose of connectors and transitions in a speech
7.3.2: 
Describe the different types of connectors and transitions
7.3.3: 
Explain how to revise connectors and transitions
 
Purpose of Connectors and Transitions
 
Connect Ideas
Help the audience follow along
 
Types of Connectors and Transitions
 
Previews
Main Preview: introduction
Internal Preview: each main point
Reviews/Summaries
Main Review: conclusion
Internal Review: each main point
Transitions
Summary Transitions: between main points
Internal Transitions:  between subpoints
Signposts
Used with every connector and transition
 
Questions for Strong Connectors and Transitions
 
1.
Are they in respective order?
2.
Are they easy to recall?
Recue wording
Use parallelism
Use alliteration and assonance
Embrace repetition
3.
Does each connector have signposts?
 
Practice Question 4
 
Is what type of connector is the following statement?
“Now that we have explored the partnership between Space X and NASA, let’s
now project where space tourism could take us.”
 
A.
Preview
B.
Summary Transition
C.
Internal Preview
D.
Signpost
 
Practice Question 5
 
Where does an internal preview go in a speech?
 
A.
In the introduction
B.
In the conclusion
C.
Between main points
D.
At the beginning of each main point
 
Class Activity: Revise the Preview
 
Improve the preview below by using “Questions for Strong Connectors and
Transitions”:
 
Today, let’s discuss the future of private space tourism.  We will begin
by first, exploring the partnership between SpaceX and NASA, then
project where we could potentially go with space tourism, and finally
evaluate the impacts of introducing Earthlings to the larger
intergalactic community
 
Language for Spoken Presentations
 
Learning Outcomes: Language for Spoken
Presentations
 
7.4: 
Identify effective language for spoken presentations
7.4.1: 
Explain the difference between oral and written style
7.4.2: 
Explain how to use and choose words well for speeches
7.4.3: Describe the different language pitfalls you need to avoid as a speaker
 
Oral vs Written Style
 
Style Elements
 
Personal Pronouns
Oral:  Used frequently in first person plural: “We, us, our”
Written: Infrequently used. Instead, use third person: “one, they, he/she”
Grammar and Sentence Structure
Oral: Short thought units and sentence fragments are common
Written: Complicated sentence structures that follow comprehensive grammar rules
Repetition
Oral: Repetition of words and phrases to emphasize ideas and organization
Written: Precise and varied language to repeat ideas
Colloquialisms and Tone
Oral: Conversational tone using colloquialisms and contractions
Written: Formal tone. Infrequent use of colloquialisms and no contractions
Vocabulary
Oral: Familiar, vivid, and tailored to the audience
Written: High-level and tailored to the author
 
Choosing Your Words
 
Abstract
Intangible (no physical referent)
Ideas, Concepts, Emotions
Ambiguous
 
Concrete
Tangible referent
Things we know through our 5 senses
Uses the ladder of abstraction to
become more specific
 
Denotative Meaning
Standard, dictionary-based
meaning of a word
 
Connotative Meaning
Emotional responses and personal
thoughts evoked by a word
 
Jargon
Exclusive, insider-based
shorthand and phrases
 
Familiar Language
Common language used by the
general population
 
Class Discussion: Connotative Meaning
 
For each of the following words, consider:
1.
Overall feeling (positive, negative, neutral)
2.
2-3 associations you make with the word
 
 
Language Pitfalls
 
Exclusionary and Offensive Language
Inappropriate Language
For Yourself
For the Audience
For the Context
For the Speech
Inaccurate Word Usage
Words that do not exist
Not knowing the definition
Malapropism
Eggcorn
“I vs You” Scenarios
 
Practice Question 6
 
“Success” is an example of what type of word?
 
A.
Jargon
B.
Concrete
C.
Specific
D.
Abstract
 
Class Activity: Improve your words
 
Create a ladder of abstraction for the words:
Road
School
Vehicle
 
Create a more vivid words for:
Large
Hot
Many
 
Quick Review
 
The introduction, conclusion, as well as connectors and transitions are as
important as the body of your speech. They serve to:
Establish credibility
Help the audience follow along and recall information
Build interest in your topic
Address each set of questions to build a strong introduction, conclusion, and
transitions/connectors
Language for a speech uses a different style than for writing
Spoken language and structure is less formal, more accessible, and vivid
Speakers should be careful to avoid language pitfalls:
Exclusionary and offensive language
Inappropriate language
Inaccurate word usage
“I vs You” scenarios
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Enhance your public speaking skills with Module 7: Refining Your Speech. Dive into effective speech introductions, attention-getters, and essential components to captivate your audience. Identify characteristics, types of introductions, and strategies to craft a powerful opening, establishing credibility and engaging listeners from the start.


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  1. Public Speaking Module 7: Refining Your Speech

  2. Module Learning Outcomes Identify strategies for refining the various parts of a speech 7.1: Identify characteristics of an effective speech introduction 7.2: Identify characteristics of an effective speech conclusion 7.3: Identify characteristics of effective connectors and transitions 7.4: Identify effective language for spoken presentations

  3. Introductions

  4. Learning Outcomes: Introductions 7.1: Identify characteristics of an effective speech introduction 7.1.1: Explain the purpose of a speech introduction 7.1.2: Describe the different type of introductions 7.1.3: Outline strategies to write and revise a strong introduction

  5. Purpose of a Speech Introduction Get the audience s attention Establish credibility Provide a reason to listen Reveal the thesis Preview main points

  6. Types of Attention Getters Quick and Easy: (low-order) Little time to prepare, audience is positively invested in your topic Rhetorical Question Quotation Audience-Centered: (higher-order) More time to prepare, audience is unfamiliar and/or positively invested in topic Refer to the audience Refer to a recent, current, or historical event Hypothetical Scenario Relevant and Stimulating: (highest-order) Ample time to prepare, audience is unfamiliar and/or disagrees with your thesis Anecdote Provocative Statement Startling Statistic or Strange Fact

  7. Questions for a Strong Introduction 1. How long is my introduction? 2. How effective is my attention-getter 3. Have I linked my attention-getter to my topic? 4. How strong is my thesis? 5. Have I provided a reason to listen? 6. How easy is it to recall my preview? 7. How have I established my credibility?

  8. Practice Question 1 If my attention getting device is: What would you do with one million dollars? how could I improve my introduction? A. Make it a statement instead of a question B. Tell a story about a recent lottery winner C. Use a famous quotation D. Bring in monopoly money to throw as well

  9. Practice Question 2 What does not work about the following introduction? Andrew was walking down the street when an alien popped out in front of him. The possibility of us popping in front of aliens is not too far away. In fact, some of us in this class may find themselves booking a ticket around the moon! Today, let s discuss the future of private space tourism. We will begin by first, exploring the partnership between SpaceX and NASA, then project where we could potentially go with space tourism, and finally evaluate the impacts of introducing Earthlings to the larger intergalactic community. A. The attention getter does not link to the topic B. The preview is lacking signposts C. The thesis is unclear D. There is no reason to listen

  10. Class Activity: Write an Introduction Write 3 different attention getters for a persuasive speech urging students to enroll in a public speaking class.

  11. Conclusions

  12. Learning Outcomes: Conclusions 7.2: Identify characteristics of an effective speech conclusion 7.2.1: Explain the purpose of a speech conclusion 7.2.2: Describe the different types of conclusions 7.2.3: Outline strategies to write and revise a strong conclusion

  13. Purpose of a Speech Conclusion Review Main Points Restate the Thesis Provide a Lasting Thought

  14. Types of Lasting Thoughts in Conclusions Low-Order: Rhetorical Question Quotation High-Order: Visualize the Future Call to Action Clear and direct Immediate Lowers barriers to action Focuses on the benefits to the audience Personalized to the power of audience members

  15. Questions for a Strong Conclusion 1. How long is my conclusion? 2. Have I included any new ideas in my conclusion? 3. How easy is it to recall my review? 4. Is the thesis of the speech clearly articulated? 5. Have I linked back to my attention-getting device? 6. How effective is my lasting thought? 7. How well can I deliver my conclusion?

  16. Practice Question 3 Identify what is wrong with the following call to action: So go out today and become a volunteer. The feeling you will get can only be matched by the friends you will meet. A. It is not immediate B. It does not lower barriers to action C. It does not focus on the benefits to the audience D. It is not clear and direct

  17. Class Discussion: Label the conclusion Identify the elements of the following conclusion: Today, we ve discussed the future of private space tourism. We began by first, exploring the partnership between SpaceX and NASA, then projected where we could potentially go with space tourism, and finally evaluated the impacts of introducing Earthlings to the larger intergalactic community. While Andrew may not be seeing an alien any time too soon, our world is certainly expanding. One day, not too far off, we may all be gazing out at the earth instead of the moon. Review of Main Points Restating Thesis (Central Idea) Lasting Thought Link to the Attention Getter

  18. Connectors and Transitions

  19. Learning Outcomes: Connectors and Transitions 7.3: Identify characteristics of effective connectors and transitions 7.3.1: Explain the purpose of connectors and transitions in a speech 7.3.2: Describe the different types of connectors and transitions 7.3.3: Explain how to revise connectors and transitions

  20. Purpose of Connectors and Transitions Connect Ideas Help the audience follow along

  21. Types of Connectors and Transitions Previews Main Preview: introduction Internal Preview: each main point Reviews/Summaries Main Review: conclusion Internal Review: each main point Transitions Summary Transitions: between main points Internal Transitions: between subpoints Signposts Used with every connector and transition

  22. Questions for Strong Connectors and Transitions 1. Are they in respective order? 2. Are they easy to recall? Recue wording Use parallelism Use alliteration and assonance Embrace repetition 3. Does each connector have signposts?

  23. Practice Question 4 Is what type of connector is the following statement? Now that we have explored the partnership between Space X and NASA, let s now project where space tourism could take us. A. Preview B. Summary Transition C. Internal Preview D. Signpost

  24. Practice Question 5 Where does an internal preview go in a speech? A. In the introduction B. In the conclusion C. Between main points D. At the beginning of each main point

  25. Class Activity: Revise the Preview Improve the preview below by using Questions for Strong Connectors and Transitions : Today, let s discuss the future of private space tourism. We will begin by first, exploring the partnership between SpaceX and NASA, then project where we could potentially go with space tourism, and finally evaluate the impacts of introducing Earthlings to the larger intergalactic community

  26. Language for Spoken Presentations

  27. Learning Outcomes: Language for Spoken Presentations 7.4: Identify effective language for spoken presentations 7.4.1: Explain the difference between oral and written style 7.4.2: Explain how to use and choose words well for speeches 7.4.3: Describe the different language pitfalls you need to avoid as a speaker

  28. Oral vs Written Style Spoken Written Shorter, familiar words Interesting, high-level words Shorter, simpler sentences Complex sentence structure Use Contractions Avoid contractions Informal, Colloquial expressions Formal, neutral expressions and phrases Incomplete sentences Rules of grammar are followed

  29. Style Elements Personal Pronouns Oral: Used frequently in first person plural: We, us, our Written: Infrequently used. Instead, use third person: one, they, he/she Grammar and Sentence Structure Oral: Short thought units and sentence fragments are common Written: Complicated sentence structures that follow comprehensive grammar rules Repetition Oral: Repetition of words and phrases to emphasize ideas and organization Written: Precise and varied language to repeat ideas Colloquialisms and Tone Oral: Conversational tone using colloquialisms and contractions Written: Formal tone. Infrequent use of colloquialisms and no contractions Vocabulary Oral: Familiar, vivid, and tailored to the audience Written: High-level and tailored to the author

  30. Choosing Your Words Abstract Intangible (no physical referent) Ideas, Concepts, Emotions Ambiguous Concrete Tangible referent Things we know through our 5 senses Uses the ladder of abstraction to become more specific Denotative Meaning Standard, dictionary-based meaning of a word Connotative Meaning Emotional responses and personal thoughts evoked by a word Jargon Exclusive, insider-based shorthand and phrases Familiar Language Common language used by the general population

  31. Class Discussion: Connotative Meaning For each of the following words, consider: 1. Overall feeling (positive, negative, neutral) 2. 2-3 associations you make with the word Wealth Broccoli Healthcare School America

  32. Language Pitfalls Exclusionary and Offensive Language Inappropriate Language For Yourself For the Audience For the Context For the Speech Inaccurate Word Usage Words that do not exist Not knowing the definition Malapropism Eggcorn I vs You Scenarios

  33. Practice Question 6 Success is an example of what type of word? A. Jargon B. Concrete C. Specific D. Abstract

  34. Class Activity: Improve your words Create a ladder of abstraction for the words: Road School Vehicle Create a more vivid words for: Large Hot Many

  35. Quick Review The introduction, conclusion, as well as connectors and transitions are as important as the body of your speech. They serve to: Establish credibility Help the audience follow along and recall information Build interest in your topic Address each set of questions to build a strong introduction, conclusion, and transitions/connectors Language for a speech uses a different style than for writing Spoken language and structure is less formal, more accessible, and vivid Speakers should be careful to avoid language pitfalls: Exclusionary and offensive language Inappropriate language Inaccurate word usage I vs You scenarios

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