Language Theory and Development: A Review

 
Language Theory and
Development: A Review
 
Several new resources:**
 
Fogle, P.T. (2023). 
Essentials of communication
sciences and disorders 
(3rd ed.). Burlington, MA:
Jones & Bartlett Learning.
 
Roseberry-McKibbin, C. (2022). ** 
Multicultural
students with special language needs: Practical
strategies for assessment and intervention
 (6
th
 ed.).
Oceanside, CA: Academic Communication Associates.
 
 
Roseberry-McKibbin, C., Hegde, M.N., & Tellis, G. (2024).
Advanced review of speech-language pathology: Study
guide for PRAXIS and comprehensive examination
 (5th
ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
 
www.proed.inc
 
Hwa-Froelich, D.A. (2023). 
Social communication
development and disorders 
(2
nd
 ed.). Routledge.
 
Levey, S. (2024).
 Introduction to language development
(3
rd
 ed.). Plural Publishing.
 
 
I went to a fabulous conference in
Richmond, Virginia:**
 
Kathryn Phillips (special ed and psychology
background)
 
Effective Strategies for Managing Challenging
Behaviors and Teaching Executive Functioning
Skills: ASD, ADHD, Anxiety, Sensory Processing
 
As always, I will give you some notes and you
will fill in other slides
 
 
PowerPoint Outline
 
I. Review of Theories
A. Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
B. Social Interactionism (Vygotsky)
 
II. Review of Relationship of SSD to SLI
 
III. Review of Typical Developmental Milestones
 
A. Infant
 
B. Toddler
 
C. Preschool
 
Before we dive in…this slide is not on the
exam 
 
 
 

 
Language Impairment
Specific Language Impairment
Language Disorder
Primary Language Impairment
Developmental Language Disorder** (in 2020,
2021, 2022, 2023 journals)
 
Spicer-Cain et al. (2023). Early identification of children at
risk of communication disorders: Introducing a novel
battery of dynamic assessment for infants. 
American
Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32
, 523-544.
 
Park et al. (2020). Bilingualism and processing speed
in typically developing children and children with
developmental language disorder. 
Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, 64 
(5), 1479-
1493.**
 
They remind us that DLD is a neurodevelopmental
disorder where language abilities fall significantly below
age expectations in the absence of any known causes
such as hearing loss, intellectual disability etc.
 
Park et al. 2020—in addition to low language skills,
these children have:
 
 
Always remember the Big 5 in
language:**
 
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
 
Recent statistics
 
 
ASHA Leader--for special education:
 
 
A. 
Cognitive Theory
 
 
 
 
Strong cognition hypothesis:
 
Cognition
Cognition
language
language
 
 
Weak cognition hypothesis:
 
 
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
 
Sensorimotor
 (birth-2 years)
 
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=NjBh9ld_yIo
 
Object permanence 2
 
Youtube video
 
P
r
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
 
(
2
-
7
 
y
e
a
r
s
)
 
 
 
Concrete Operations (7-11 years)
 
 
Formal Operations (over 11 years)
 
 
 
Clinical implications of the cognitive
theory:
cognition
cognition
language
language
 
 
**
 
Clinicians must assess and treat 
cognitive precursors
to language and facilitate development of these
precursors 
before
 working on 
language
 itself
 
So, with a very young child, you would work on
symbolic play and object permanence before you
tried to have a child say her first word
 
Levey 2024:
 
 
B. 
Social Interactionism Theory
 
 
Lev Vygotsky—Russian
psychologist:**
 
L
anguage knowledge is acquired through
social interaction with more competent and
experienced members of the child’s culture
 
Levey, 2024:
 
 
This is why I believe….**
 
That multiage child care is so important
 
Mark’s language development skyrocketed when,
at 3, he left a small homecare of children his own
age and entered a large preschool that also had an
elementary aftercare program
 
Children benefit greatly from
being around older kids! **
 
 
Specifically, Vygotsky emphasized:
 
 
According to social interactionism theory:**
 
Children 
first
 learn
language
 in interpersonal
interactions, then use
this language to structure
thought
 
Language develops
because children are
motivated
 to 
interact
socially 
with others
around them
 
 
 
Clinical Implications:
 
 
II. Relationship of Developmental Language
Disorder to Speech Sound Disorders
 
 
Westby (ASHA Schools
Conference—Phoenix):
 
 
Often…
 
Language
Impairment
Speech Sound
Disorder
Speech sound
disorder
 
Macrae, T., & Tyler, A.A. Speech abilities in preschool
children with speech sound disorder with and without
co-occurring language impairment. 
Language, Speech,
and Hearing Services in Schools, 45
, 302-313.**
 
Macrae & Tyler:
 
 
Macrae and Tyler found:
 
 
Dr. Melanie Schuele, ASHA
Schools Conference
 
 
III. Review of Typical Infant
Language Milestones
 
 
Between 6-8 weeks of age…
 
 
Cooing occurs….
 
 
In terms of motor milestones…
 
 
III. 7-12 MONTHS
 
 
At 9-12 months of age…
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Youtube baby talk bla bla bla
 
By 12 months of age…
 
 
First words
 
Joint reference/attention is
important:
 
 
Dialogues are important:
 
 
NO SCREENS!!!!!!!!
 
FIRST WORDS
 
 
 
To qualify as a true word:**
 
It needs to occur with consistency in a given context in
apparent response to an identifiable stimulus
 
It should be produced 
consistently
 in the presence of
the same person, object, or event
 
It must bear some 
phonetic resemblance 
to a
conventional 
adult word
; it can be an approximation of
a real adult word
 
In first words…
 
 
Holophrases
 
 
There is rapid vocabulary growth:
 
 
 
If the child does not have a major language
growth spurt between 18-24 months of
age…
 
 
Therapy implication:
 
 
Characteristics of Slow/Late Talkers:
(Fogle, 2023)
 
 
Hammer, C., Morgan, P., Farkas, G., Hillemeier, M., Bitetti,
D., & Maczuga, S. Late talkers: A population-based study of
risk factors and school readiness consequences. 
Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60, 607-626
.**
 
They analyzed data from a population-based sample of
9600 children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Data
Study.
 
Hammer et al. found:
 
 
Hammer et al:** (exact #s not on
test)
 
SES had a huge effect on school readiness
 
Low-SES children were 7x more likely to have low
reading scores, 15x more likely to have low math
scores, 4x more likely to have learning difficulties,
and 3x more likely to have behavior problems
 
Rudolph, J. Case history risk factors for specific
language impairment: A systematic review and meta-
analysis. 
American Journal of Speech Pathology and
Audiology, 26
, 991-1010.**
 
She conducted a meta-analysis of studies that examined
the relationship between SLI and risk factors
 
She found 11 risk factors, but 
4 case history factors 
were
most strongly associated with a diagnosis of SLI—these
were predictive of late talker status
 
Rudolph—4 highest risk factors:
 
 
I
V
.
 
 
M
A
S
T
E
R
I
N
G
 
G
R
A
M
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
M
O
R
P
H
E
M
E
S
 
 
Morpheme
   
Age of Mastery
 
 
V. SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT IN
PRESCHOOLERS**
 
A. 
Introduction
 
Semantic development is closely
related to development in motor,
social, and cognitive abilities
 
The better a child’s abilities in those
areas, the more language he receives
and practices
 
 
Preschoolers’ vocabularies grow fast:
 
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=zvMkmahGG1U
 
Language Development in Children 3 year Old
Vocabulary
 
PowerPoint Outline
 
I. Review of Theories
A. Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
B. Social Interactionism (Vygotsky)
 
II. Review of Relationship of SSD to SLI
 
III. Review of Typical Developmental Milestones
 
A. Infant
 
B. Toddler
 
C. Preschool
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This review covers essential resources in communication sciences and disorders, multicultural strategies for special language needs, and advancements in social communication development and disorders. It also delves into effective strategies for managing challenging behaviors in individuals with ASD, ADHD, anxiety, and sensory processing issues. The PowerPoint outline included emphasizes theories, the relationship of specific language impairment to speech-language impairment, and developmental milestones for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.


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  1. Language Theory and Development: A Review

  2. Several new resources:** Fogle, P.T. (2023). Essentials of communication sciences and disorders (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

  3. Roseberry-McKibbin, C. (2022). ** Multicultural students with special language needs: Practical strategies for assessment and intervention (6thed.). Oceanside, CA: Academic Communication Associates. Roseberry-McKibbin, C., Hegde, M.N., & Tellis, G. (2024). Advanced review of speech-language pathology: Study guide for PRAXIS and comprehensive examination (5th ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. www.proed.inc

  4. Hwa-Froelich, D.A. (2023). Social communication development and disorders (2nded.). Routledge. Levey, S. (2024). Introduction to language development (3rded.). Plural Publishing.

  5. I went to a fabulous conference in Richmond, Virginia:** Kathryn Phillips (special ed and psychology background) Effective Strategies for Managing Challenging Behaviors and Teaching Executive Functioning Skills: ASD, ADHD, Anxiety, Sensory Processing

  6. As always, I will give you some notes and you will fill in other slides

  7. PowerPoint Outline I. Review of Theories A. Cognitive Theory (Piaget) B. Social Interactionism (Vygotsky) II. Review of Relationship of SSD to SLI III. Review of Typical Developmental Milestones A. Infant B. Toddler C. Preschool

  8. Before we dive inthis slide is not on the exam What s the very latest terminology?** Language Impairment Specific Language Impairment Language Disorder Primary Language Impairment Developmental Language Disorder** (in 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 journals)

  9. Spicer-Cain et al. (2023). Early identification of children at risk of communication disorders: Introducing a novel battery of dynamic assessment for infants. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32, 523-544.

  10. Park et al. (2020). Bilingualism and processing speed in typically developing children and children with developmental language disorder. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64 (5), 1479- 1493.** They remind us that DLD is a neurodevelopmental disorder where language abilities fall significantly below age expectations in the absence of any known causes such as hearing loss, intellectual disability etc.

  11. Park et al. 2020in addition to low language skills, these children have:

  12. Always remember the Big 5 in language:** Syntax Morphology Phonology Semantics Pragmatics

  13. Recent statistics

  14. ASHA Leader--for special education:

  15. A. Cognitive Theory

  16. Strong cognition hypothesis: language Cognition

  17. Weak cognition hypothesis:

  18. Piagets stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)

  19. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=NjBh9ld_yIo Object permanence 2 Youtube video

  20. Preoperational (2 Preoperational (2- -7 years) 7 years)

  21. Concrete Operations (7-11 years)

  22. Formal Operations (over 11 years)

  23. Clinical implications of the cognitive theory: language cognition

  24. ** Clinicians must assess and treat cognitive precursors to language and facilitate development of these precursors before working on language itself So, with a very young child, you would work on symbolic play and object permanence before you tried to have a child say her first word

  25. Levey 2024:

  26. B. Social Interactionism Theory

  27. Lev VygotskyRussian psychologist:** Language knowledge is acquired through social interaction with more competent and experienced members of the child s culture

  28. Levey, 2024:

  29. This is why I believe.** That multiage child care is so important Mark s language development skyrocketed when, at 3, he left a small homecare of children his own age and entered a large preschool that also had an elementary aftercare program

  30. Children benefit greatly from being around older kids! **

  31. Specifically, Vygotsky emphasized:

  32. According to social interactionism theory:** Children first learn language in interpersonal interactions, then use this language to structure thought Language develops because children are motivated to interact socially with others around them

  33. Clinical Implications:

  34. II. Relationship of Developmental Language Disorder to Speech Sound Disorders

  35. Westby (ASHA Schools Conference Phoenix):

  36. Often Speech sound disorder Language Impairment Speech Sound Disorder

  37. Macrae, T., & Tyler, A.A. Speech abilities in preschool children with speech sound disorder with and without co-occurring language impairment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 45, 302-313.**

  38. Macrae & Tyler:

  39. Macrae and Tyler found:

  40. Dr. Melanie Schuele, ASHA Schools Conference

  41. III. Review of Typical Infant Language Milestones

  42. Between 6-8 weeks of age

  43. Cooing occurs.

  44. In terms of motor milestones

  45. III. 7-12 MONTHS

  46. At 9-12 months of age Youtube baby talk bla bla bla

  47. By 12 months of age

  48. First words

  49. Joint reference/attention is important:

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