Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal During the Great Depression

Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal
Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal
-
The Great Depression began in 1929 after the stock
The Great Depression began in 1929 after the stock
market crashed.  Businesses closed, unemployment
market crashed.  Businesses closed, unemployment
rose, and the economy suffered greatly.
rose, and the economy suffered greatly.
Hoover’s Policies Failed
Hoover’s Policies Failed
President Hoover was
President Hoover was
viewed as not having done
viewed as not having done
enough to slow down the
enough to slow down the
effects of the Great
effects of the Great
Depression.
Depression.
The Election of 1932
The Election of 1932
The Democrats nominated
NY Governor 
Franklin D.
Franklin D.
Roosevelt (FDR) 
Roosevelt (FDR) 
for
President
His plan, called the 
New
New
Deal
Deal
, 
was for the federal
was for the federal
government to play a larger
government to play a larger
role in ending the
role in ending the
Depression
Depression
This was a contrast to
Hoover’s laissez-faire
policies
The Election of 1932
The Election of 1932
 
FDR won the election  in a
FDR won the election  in a
landslide
landslide
FDR was now responsible for
FDR was now responsible for
ending the Great Depression
ending the Great Depression
Roosevelt was elected President 4
Roosevelt was elected President 4
times, and served from 1933-
times, and served from 1933-
1945.
1945.
In the 1950s, the 22
In the 1950s, the 22
nd
nd
 amendment
 amendment
was ratified, and limited
was ratified, and limited
presidents to two terms
presidents to two terms
Quotes from FDR’s Inaugural
Quotes from FDR’s Inaugural
Address
Address
“So, first of all, let me assert my
firm belief that 
the only thing we
the only thing we
have to fear is fear itself.”
have to fear is fear itself.”
Our greatest primary task is to
Our greatest primary task is to
put people to work
put people to work
. This is no
unsolvable problem if we face it
wisely and courageously. 
It can be
It can be
accomplished in part by direct
accomplished in part by direct
recruiting by the Government
recruiting by the Government
itself…”
itself…”
“I shall ask the Congress for the
one remaining instrument to meet
the crisis—
broad Executive power
broad Executive power
to wage a war against the
emergency, as great as the power
that would be given to me if we
were in fact invaded by a foreign
foe.”
The New Deal 1933-1935
FDR wanted to focus on what
was called the 3 R’s: 
Relief
Relief
,
,
Recovery
Recovery
, and 
, and 
Reform
Reform
His overall goal was to save
His overall goal was to save
the capitalist economic
the capitalist economic
system
system
In his first 100 days in office,
many reforms were made.
FDR’s 
first task was to fix the
first task was to fix the
banking system
banking system
.  People did
not have confidence in banks.
He temporarily closed all
banks (a “bank holiday”), and
found that most banks had
sufficient amounts of money
to continue operating.
This led to millions of
Americans putting money
back in the banks, and the
banking crisis stabilized.
Congress also created the
Federal Deposit Insurance
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation 
Corporation 
(FDIC).
The FDIC guaranteed a
certain amount of money
people put into the banks
($2,500 initally, raised to
$5,000 soon after, $250,000
today).
"deposits are backed by the
"deposits are backed by the
full faith and credit of the
full faith and credit of the
United States Government."
United States Government."
The New Deal 1933-1935
New Deal Reform
New Deal Reform
1. FDIC (1933)
1. FDIC (1933)
2. 
2. 
Securities Exchange Act
Securities Exchange Act
(1934)
(1934)
—created 
—created 
Securities
Securities
Exchange Commission 
Exchange Commission 
(SEC),
(SEC),
which could regulate the
which could regulate the
practices of the stock market
practices of the stock market
3. 
3. 
Social Security Act (1935)
Social Security Act (1935)
-
-
-Provides for old age
-Provides for old age
insurance, unemployment
insurance, unemployment
insurance, also helped the
insurance, also helped the
infirm, elderly, and
infirm, elderly, and
dependent children.  Funds
dependent children.  Funds
were provided though a tax
were provided though a tax
on employers and
on employers and
employees.
employees.
New Deal Relief
New Deal Relief
1. 
1. 
Civilian Conservation Corps
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC), 
(CCC), 
(1933): employed young
(1933): employed young
men to perform unskilled work
men to perform unskilled work
in rural areas. Paid $30/month,
in rural areas. Paid $30/month,
$25 sent to parents.  2.5 million
$25 sent to parents.  2.5 million
worked for the CCC.
worked for the CCC.
The New Deal 1933-1935
Public Works
Public Works
Administration(PWA)-1933
Administration(PWA)-1933
It concentrated on the construction of
It concentrated on the construction of
large-scale public works, with the goal
large-scale public works, with the goal
of providing employment, and
of providing employment, and
contributing to a revival of American
contributing to a revival of American
industry.
industry.
Built roads, schools, dams, bridges,
Built roads, schools, dams, bridges,
tunnels, and other industrial projects.
tunnels, and other industrial projects.
The PWA gave contracts to private firms
The PWA gave contracts to private firms
who did all the hiring.
who did all the hiring.
Works Progress
Works Progress
Administration (WPA)-
Administration (WPA)-
1935
1935
--Another
--Another
government sponsored
government sponsored
work program.  It ran from
work program.  It ran from
1935-1943 and included
1935-1943 and included
not only construction jobs
not only construction jobs
and public works, but also
and public works, but also
offered work to musicians,
offered work to musicians,
writers, and artists.
writers, and artists.
The New Deal 1933-1935
New Deal Recovery
New Deal Recovery
Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA)—1933
(TVA)—1933
—built dams,
—built dams,
provided jobs, inexpensive
provided jobs, inexpensive
electricity, and protection
electricity, and protection
from floods throughout
from floods throughout
large parts of the south.
large parts of the south.
Many of the poor rural
Many of the poor rural
regions of the south did not
regions of the south did not
have electricity until the
have electricity until the
TVA came along in the
TVA came along in the
1930s.
1930s.
 
The New Deal 1933-1935
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(AAA)—1933
(AAA)—1933
--restricted
--restricted
agricultural production by
agricultural production by
paying farmers not to plant
paying farmers not to plant
part of their land and to kill
part of their land and to kill
off excess livestock. Its
off excess livestock. Its
purpose was to reduce crop
purpose was to reduce crop
surplus to raise the value of
surplus to raise the value of
crops.
crops.
This was done in response
This was done in response
to the low crop prices
to the low crop prices
caused by overproduction in
caused by overproduction in
the 1920s.
the 1920s.
National Labor Relations
National Labor Relations
Act (Wagner Act)—1935
Act (Wagner Act)—1935
oversees the relations
oversees the relations
between labor and owners.
between labor and owners.
Guaranteed the right of
Guaranteed the right of
workers to join a union,
workers to join a union,
and to have collective
and to have collective
bargaining
bargaining
. The National
. The National
Labor Relations Board
Labor Relations Board
(NLRB) was created to
(NLRB) was created to
enforce the law.
enforce the law.
Critics of the New Deal
The New Deal went too far
The New Deal went too far
Conservatives said the New
Conservatives said the New
Deal allowed for too much
Deal allowed for too much
government interference
government interference
Some called the New Deal
Some called the New Deal
socialist or communist
socialist or communist
In 1935, the Supreme Court
In 1935, the Supreme Court
declared the AAA
declared the AAA
unconstitutional
unconstitutional
Schecter Poultry Corp. v.
Schecter Poultry Corp. v.
United States (1935) 
United States (1935) 
declared
declared
NIRA unconstitutional (NIRA
NIRA unconstitutional (NIRA
set wages and prices for
set wages and prices for
industry)
industry)
Critics also were against
Critics also were against
deficit spending
deficit spending
 during the
 during the
New Deal
New Deal
The New Deal did not go far
The New Deal did not go far
enough
enough
Liberal critics said the
Liberal critics said the
government needed to do
government needed to do
more to lift the country out
more to lift the country out
of the Depression
of the Depression
Senator Huey Long of
Senator Huey Long of
Louisiana was FDR’s main
Louisiana was FDR’s main
critic.  He wanted to tax the
critic.  He wanted to tax the
rich, limit personal fortunes,
rich, limit personal fortunes,
and redistribute wealth so all
and redistribute wealth so all
families could have a decent
families could have a decent
standard of living (some
standard of living (some
criticized Long’s plan for
criticized Long’s plan for
being socialist)
being socialist)
The Court-packing Plan
After several New Deal
After several New Deal
programs were declared
programs were declared
unconstitutional, FDR came up
unconstitutional, FDR came up
with a plan so the Supreme
with a plan so the Supreme
Court could not undo the New
Court could not undo the New
Deal any further.
Deal any further.
He wanted to replace the
He wanted to replace the
older, more conservative
older, more conservative
justices that opposed the New
justices that opposed the New
Deal
Deal
He proposed that justices over
He proposed that justices over
70 be forced to retire, or that
70 be forced to retire, or that
he be allowed to add a justice
he be allowed to add a justice
to the Court for every justice
to the Court for every justice
over 70 years old
over 70 years old
The public was against FDR’s
The public was against FDR’s
plan because it seemed like
plan because it seemed like
he wanted too much power
he wanted too much power
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The court-packing scheme
The court-packing scheme
was defeated by Congress
was defeated by Congress
The Dust Bowl
In the Great Plains during
In the Great Plains during
the 1930s, the Dust Bowl
the 1930s, the Dust Bowl
was caused by drought and
was caused by drought and
overuse of the land.
overuse of the land.
Huge dust storms killed
Huge dust storms killed
crops, livestock, and people.
crops, livestock, and people.
Many farmers were forced
Many farmers were forced
to move further west
to move further west
New Deal programs planted
New Deal programs planted
millions of trees in the
millions of trees in the
Midwest to hold the soil in
Midwest to hold the soil in
place, and FDR encouraged
place, and FDR encouraged
farming methods that
farming methods that
conserved soil
conserved soil
Impact of the New Deal
Did the New Deal help the
Did the New Deal help the
US out of the Depression?
US out of the Depression?
Recovery was slow, but
Recovery was slow, but
unemployment dropped by
unemployment dropped by
WWII.  25% in 1932 (year
WWII.  25% in 1932 (year
before New Deal), and 10%
before New Deal), and 10%
by 1941 (beginning of U.S.
by 1941 (beginning of U.S.
involvement in WWII)
involvement in WWII)
The New Deal succeeded in
The New Deal succeeded in
slowing the Depression, and
slowing the Depression, and
avoiding complete
avoiding complete
economic collapse
economic collapse
The federal government
The federal government
became stronger as a
became stronger as a
result of the New Deal
result of the New Deal
Politically, the New Deal
Politically, the New Deal
led to the dominance of
led to the dominance of
the Democratic Party until
the Democratic Party until
the late 1960s (the
the late 1960s (the
Republican Party had
Republican Party had
dominated American
dominated American
politics from the Civil War
politics from the Civil War
through the 1920s).
through the 1920s).
World War II ultimately
World War II ultimately
brought economic
brought economic
prosperity back to America
prosperity back to America
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The Great Depression of 1929 led to high unemployment, closed businesses, and economic suffering. President Hoover's laissez-faire policies failed to address the crisis adequately. In the 1932 election, FDR introduced the New Deal with a focus on Relief, Recovery, and Reform to combat the Depression. His initiatives included bank reforms, the FDIC, the Securities Exchange Act, and the Social Security Act. FDR served as President for four terms, aiming to save the capitalist economic system.


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  1. Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal -The Great Depression began in 1929 after the stock market crashed. Businesses closed, unemployment rose, and the economy suffered greatly.

  2. Hoovers Policies Failed President Hoover was viewed as not having done enough to slow down the effects of the Great Depression.

  3. The Election of 1932 The Democrats nominated NY Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) for President His plan, called the New Deal, was for the federal government to play a larger role in ending the Depression This was a contrast to Hoover s laissez-faire policies

  4. The Election of 1932 Quotes from FDR s Inaugural Address So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis broad Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe. FDR won the election in a landslide FDR was now responsible for ending the Great Depression Roosevelt was elected President 4 times, and served from 1933- 1945. In the 1950s, the 22ndamendment was ratified, and limited presidents to two terms

  5. The New Deal 1933-1935 FDR wanted to focus on what was called the 3 R s: Relief, Recovery, and Reform His overall goal was to save the capitalist economic system In his first 100 days in office, many reforms were made. FDR s first task was to fix the banking system. People did not have confidence in banks. He temporarily closed all banks (a bank holiday ), and found that most banks had sufficient amounts of money to continue operating. This led to millions of Americans putting money back in the banks, and the banking crisis stabilized. Congress also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The FDIC guaranteed a certain amount of money people put into the banks ($2,500 initally, raised to $5,000 soon after, $250,000 today). "deposits are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government."

  6. The New Deal 1933-1935 New Deal Reform 1. FDIC (1933) 2. Securities Exchange Act (1934) created Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), which could regulate the practices of the stock market 3. Social Security Act (1935)- -Provides for old age insurance, unemployment insurance, also helped the infirm, elderly, and dependent children. Funds were provided though a tax on employers and employees. New Deal Relief 1. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), (1933): employed young men to perform unskilled work in rural areas. Paid $30/month, $25 sent to parents. 2.5 million worked for the CCC.

  7. The New Deal 1933-1935 Public Works Administration(PWA)-1933 It concentrated on the construction of large-scale public works, with the goal of providing employment, and contributing to a revival of American industry. Built roads, schools, dams, bridges, tunnels, and other industrial projects. The PWA gave contracts to private firms who did all the hiring. Works Progress Administration (WPA)- 1935--Another government sponsored work program. It ran from 1935-1943 and included not only construction jobs and public works, but also offered work to musicians, writers, and artists.

  8. The New Deal 1933-1935 New Deal Recovery Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933 built dams, provided jobs, inexpensive electricity, and protection from floods throughout large parts of the south. Many of the poor rural regions of the south did not have electricity until the TVA came along in the 1930s.

  9. The New Deal 1933-1935 Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) 1933--restricted agricultural production by paying farmers not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus to raise the value of crops. This was done in response to the low crop prices caused by overproduction in the 1920s. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) 1935 oversees the relations between labor and owners. Guaranteed the right of workers to join a union, and to have collective bargaining. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was created to enforce the law.

  10. Critics of the New Deal The New Deal went too far Conservatives said the New Deal allowed for too much government interference Some called the New Deal socialist or communist In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the AAA unconstitutional Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) declared NIRA unconstitutional (NIRA set wages and prices for industry) Critics also were against deficit spending during the New Deal The New Deal did not go far enough Liberal critics said the government needed to do more to lift the country out of the Depression Senator Huey Long of Louisiana was FDR s main critic. He wanted to tax the rich, limit personal fortunes, and redistribute wealth so all families could have a decent standard of living (some criticized Long s plan for being socialist)

  11. The Court-packing Plan After several New Deal programs were declared unconstitutional, FDR came up with a plan so the Supreme Court could not undo the New Deal any further. He wanted to replace the older, more conservative justices that opposed the New Deal He proposed that justices over 70 be forced to retire, or that he be allowed to add a justice to the Court for every justice over 70 years old The public was against FDR s plan because it seemed like he wanted too much power The court-packing scheme was defeated by Congress

  12. The Dust Bowl In the Great Plains during the 1930s, the Dust Bowl was caused by drought and overuse of the land. Huge dust storms killed crops, livestock, and people. Many farmers were forced to move further west New Deal programs planted millions of trees in the Midwest to hold the soil in place, and FDR encouraged farming methods that conserved soil

  13. Impact of the New Deal Did the New Deal help the US out of the Depression? Recovery was slow, but unemployment dropped by WWII. 25% in 1932 (year before New Deal), and 10% by 1941 (beginning of U.S. involvement in WWII) The New Deal succeeded in slowing the Depression, and avoiding complete economic collapse The federal government became stronger as a result of the New Deal Politically, the New Deal led to the dominance of the Democratic Party until the late 1960s (the Republican Party had dominated American politics from the Civil War through the 1920s). World War II ultimately brought economic prosperity back to America

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