Roman Republic Expansion and Conquest of Carthage
The Roman Republic expanded its territories by securing Italy first, showing tolerance towards conquered peoples, and forming alliances with Carthage. They treated conquered people differently based on their proximity and established a vast empire beyond Italy, significantly influencing regions like North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily.
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Bellringer: 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Write down your HW: Study for your Roman Republic/Punic Wars quiz (covers Roman Republic notes and today s notes + readings) 3. Update ToC: 84: Notes: Rome Expands/Punic Wars 85: Doc. Guide: Engineering an Empire - Carthage
Agenda: 1. Bellringer 2. Notes: Rome Expands, Punic Wars 3. Documentary; Carthage 4. Quizizz Review
With the people around you, spend the next few minutes filling in the GRAPES chart for the Roman Republic to the best of your ability. TRY TO DO THIS FROM MEMORY FIRST.
Roman Republic Recap: Geography: Italian peninsula, natural barriers, central location Religion: Polytheistic, same gods as Greeks, festivals Achievements: art, architecture, legal code (12 Tables), military/tech. Political: Senate, consuls, tribunes, assemblies, republican gov t Economics: agricultural supplemented by trade (by sea) Social: Citizenship, 3 major values, status of women, Roman family, slavery
The Republic Expands : (350 B.C.E. to 150 B.C.E) Romans secured Italy first because of military colonies there Tolerance towards (some) conquered peoples Free from taxation Govern their own internal affairs Participate in trade Carthage was the dominant political power in north Africa (excluding Egypt), the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, and the western region of Sicily. Take Roman spouses Must provide military support and alliance
How the Romans treated those they conquered: The Romans had different laws for different people they conquered some were citizens, some weren t 1. Neighboring Latins = Full citizens of Rome 2. Territories further from Rome = all the rights of Roman citizenship except voting rights. 3. All other conquered people = allies. (They were left alone as long as they sent troops to the Roman army and did not make treaties with other states.) Rome built a long lasting Empire that spread far beyond Italy.
The Republic Expands Carthage was the dominant political power in north Africa (excluding Egypt), the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, and the western region of Sicily. One of their trade networks focused on the mineral wealth of Spain, especially its silver mines. Carthage developed ports and cities in Sicily and Sardinia to protect that route.
The Background What is Rome s goal, in regards to surrounding territories? Goal of Punic Wars: To conquer the land and expand their power. What is the name of the Roman army? Roman legions What places will Rome conquer by the 4th Century BCE? The Romans dominate the Italian Peninsula
Background: While Rome conquers Italian peninsula, other peoples are growing stronger too Macedonians defeat Persians in 331 BCE Alexander s Empire grows & divides in 323 BCE Carthage gains North Africa, Iberia, Sardinia, Corsica & Sicily around 307 BCE
Romes Location: Rome had access to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Roman merchants moved by land and sea. Traded Roman wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, materials, and goods.
Romes Enemy: Carthage Carthage was a large and powerful city that interfered with Roman access to the Mediterranean Sea. Carthage was once a colony of Phoenicia (Phoenicians = Creators of the alphabet) Carthage was located on a peninsula on the North African coast.
Background: The Punic Wars: Fought between 264 and 146 BC Rome and Carthage fought three wars. 1. The First Punic War The First Punic War was fought over Sicily and the Western Mediterranean and lasted 23 years. Rome beat Carthage Rome gained control of Sicily as a result of the 1st Punic War.
2. The Second Punic War Began in 218 BC 29 year old Carthage leader was Hannibal. Brilliant leader who wanted to avenge Carthage s earlier defeat. Used 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 40 elephants to win the Battle of Cannae Led his troops from Spain across France and through the Alps to attack Rome.
He lost most of his men and elephants but still pursued Rome for more than a decade. His men seized Roman land, cattle, crops, and farm houses. Romans prevented Hannibal from capturing Rome A Roman general Scipio devised a plan to attack Carthage. 202 BC at Zama: Romans defeated Hannibal.
3. Third Punic War Carthage was no longer a threat in 149 BCE but the Romans were still angry at the devastation Carthage had brought to Italy earlier. They believed, Carthage must be destroyed. 149 BCE Rome attacked Carthage. 146 BCE Carthage was set on fire and 50,000 people were sold into slavery. ( scorched earth warfare)
Results of the Punic Wars DIRECT CONSEQUENCES: Rome s army and navy are experienced and trained. Rome gained control of the entire Mediterranean area including Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Anatolia. The span of the Roman Empire after the Punic wars was Anatolia in the east to Spain in the West.
Romes Imperial Expansion Creates Problems As a result of conquest, Rome became wealthy and powerful, but there were problems in Rome post-Punic Wars: 1. Conquered lands controlled by wealthy elites organized plantations known as latifundia. Owners of latifundia operated at lower costs than did owners of smaller holdings who often were forced to sell their land to wealthier neighbors. 2. The constitution had worked for a small city-state but would not for a large empire.
The Problems of Expansion 3. Because Rome controlled such a large area the Republic and their government had to change The Punic Wars increased size of Rome and increased power of the Senate (patricians) The senate now controlled the army and the foreign policy The nobles gained even more power 4. The people Rome conquered became subjects of Rome Conquered peoples were NOT made citizens or allies of Rome but they had a governor that was backed by the Roman army
Result of War: More Money = More Problems 1. Many farmers moved from the country into the cities They couldn t all find jobs and most became dependent on their government for food 2. Trade within Rome s vast empire created a class of business people and landowners called equites They had great wealth and political influence and the gap between the rich and poor, the powerful and the powerless continued to grow
Problems of Expansion (contd) 5. Corruption enters the government: Some governors took bribes and paid little attention to the needs of the people Tax collectors wanted to take as much money as they could 6. Romans also had problems at home When the farmer soldiers returned home they found their farms in ruin and no money to restore their farms = had to sell their lands and as time passed Rome came dependent on importing grain from their provinces
