Distribution and Adaptation of Warm-Blooded Animals on Earth
The distribution of warm-blooded animals shows regularities based on their size and environmental adaptations. From the Fennec Fox in North Africa to the Emperor Penguin in Antarctica, different species have evolved to thrive in diverse habitats based on their morphological features. Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule further explain how animal size and body proportions adapt to different climates to optimize heat retention or dissipation. Examples like the Galapagos Penguin and the Arctic Fox highlight these adaptations across various regions of the world.
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NUMBER 12 FOXES AND PENGUINS TEAM RUEN Vasilka Krasteva - supervisor Ivailo Nikolov - captain Bozhidar Popov David Stanislavov Mila Yordanova
FOXES AND PENGUINS There are certain regularities in the distribution of closely related species of warm-blooded animals. For example: 1. North Africa is home for the smallest and long-eared Fennec Fox, and tundra is home for the bigger Arctic Fox, which has shorter ears and legs. The regular fox is something intermediate between them. 2. The biggest of the penguins, the Emperor Penguin (height over 120 cm), lives on the Antarctic coast; while the smallest, the Galapagos Penguin (height about 50 cm), lives in the tropical belt near the coast of South America. Identify and explain the regularities in the distribution of warm-blooded animals across the Earth. Show your own examples evidencing these regularities.
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATUR "Law on the surface" of Richet (1889) and Rubner (1902) By increasing the linear dimensions of the volume (mass) the proportion increases to 3rd degree ,and the surface proportional to the 2nd degree. Therefore, the bigger the animal is, the ratio surface area (cm ) / volume (cm ) is less, and the heat loss is minimal. Bergmann's rule Larger species from the same systematic group of homoternite animals live in colder climates. For example, larger penguins live in the Antarctic conditions, and smaller ones - near the equator.
EMPEROR PENGUIN It is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguins and lives in Antarctica ( 61 south latitude ). The male and female are similar in size, reaching 122cm in height and weighing anywhere from 22 to 45 kg.
GALAPAGOS PENGUIN It is the smallest of all living penguins and lives in Galapagos Islands The average Galapagos penguin is 49 centimetres long and 2.5 kilograms in weight
ALLEN'S RULE Consequence from Bergman s rule. Ears, tale, neck and limbs of mammals in cold regions are shorter, making the body more compact.
FENNEC FOX The smallest representative of the dog family: more of them reach only 1,5 kg. Their height is 29 cm, and the length of the body - to 40 cm long. The tail is long up to 25 cm, and the ears may rise to 15 cm in length. Fennec fox is half smaller than the fox in our forests, it is 7 to 8 times lighter. Big ears radiate body heat and help keep the foxes cool in this way their body will not overheat. The feet are protected from the hot sand with thick fur.
ARCTIC FOX Body size: longer than 50 to 60 cm, excluding the long tail 30 cm. The height of the shoulders 20 to 30 cm long and weighing 3 to 6 kg. Devices reduce heat loss in Arctic conditions / low temperatures - 60 C and walking on ice /
REGULAR FOX The regular fox is something intermediate between the Arctic and Fennec fox
ANOTHER EXAMPLE Bergman rule is valid for about 50% of the species of warm-blooded animal Belyak hare / Lepus timidus /: body length 44-74 cm; length of ears 7 10 cm; Northern Europe, Siberia, North America, Greenland Rabbit Tola / Lepus tolai /: body length 40 53 cm; length of ear 9-12 cm; South Siberia, Mongolia, Iran, India, Africa American hare / Lepus americanus / : body length 40-70 cm; ear length 20 cm; central parts of the USA and Mexico
BEARS White Bear / Urkus maritimus /: length of up to 200 cm, rarely up to 300 cm; weight up to 800 kg; This bear lives in Europe, Asia and North America Brown Bear / Urkus arktos / length of up to 200 cm; weight 250- 480 kg; This bear can be found in Europe and Asia C:\Users\PC1\Desktop\ \0025-025- Pravilo-Bergmana.jpg
WOLVES large subspecies length is approximately 112-137 cm., weight 52 kg. Canis lupus albus /tyndra wolf/: Canis lupus lupus(Euro asian wolf): normal large species, 105-160 cm long, 40-80 kg weight small, desert adapted subspecies, about 66 cm and weighs an average of 18 kg Canis lupus arabs (Arabian wolf):
EXEPTIONS Some species / cougars, otters / increase in size in the direction from north to south. This is explained by morphological changes of the skin that play a greater role in the area of the body with its heat exchange with the environment. Animals living in the tropics
CONCLUSIONS The adaptation to the weather conditions is associated with the formation and release of heat into the body of animals homotermnite In older animals the ratio of body surface / volume is less and hence the cost of heat is lower. These animals can dwell at a low temperature Bergman rule is debatable because there are other factors that affect the regulation of body temperature
SOURCES http://www.referati.org/agroekologiq ru.wikipedia.org kozlenkoa.narod.ru dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_biology www.zoomania.org http://terracarnivorus.blogspot.com PROGRAMS AND RESOURCES Office packet 2007 Paint Digital camera
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