Understanding Nonelectrolytes in Solutions

 
Nonelectrolytes
 
Assistant Prof Dr. Fouad Alsaady
 
 
Physical Properties of Substances
 
The physical properties of substances can be
classified as 
colligative, additive, and constitutive.
Colligative 
properties depend mainly on the number
of particles in a solution.
The colligative properties 
of solutions are osmotic
pressure, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point
depression, and boiling point elevation.
The values of the colligative properties are
approximately the same for equal concentrations of
different nonelectrolytes in solution regardless of the
species or chemical nature of the constituents.
 
In considering the colligative properties of solid-in-
liquid solutions, it is assumed that the solute is
nonvolatile and that the pressure of the vapor above
the solution is provided entirely by the solvent.
Additive 
properties depend on the total contribution
of the atoms in the molecule or on the sum of the
properties of the constituents in a solution. An
example of an additive property of a compound is
the molecular weight, that is, the sum of the masses
of the constituent atoms.
 
Constitutive
 properties depend on the arrangement
and to a lesser extent on the number and kind of
atoms within a molecule
.
Many physical properties may be partly
additive and partly constitutive.
The refraction of light, in part constitutive and
in part additive properties;
 
Types of Solutions
 
A solution can be classified according to the states in
which the solute and solvent occur, and because
three states of matter (gas, liquid, and crystalline
solid) exist, nine types of homogeneous mixtures of
solute and solvent are possible.
 
 
The solutes (whether gases, liquids, or solids) are
divided into two main classes: 
nonelectrolytes and
electrolytes.
Nonelectrolytes
 
are substances that do not ionize
when dissolved in water and therefore do not
conduct an electric current through the solution.
Examples of nonelectrolytes are sucrose, glycerin,
naphthalene, and urea.
Electrolytes 
are substances that form ions in
solution, conduct electric current,
Examples of electrolytes are hydrochloric acid,
sodium sulfate, ephedrine, and phenobarbital.
 
Electrolytes may be subdivided further into 
strong
electrolytes and weak electrolytes depending on
whether the substance is completely or only partly
ionized in water. Hydrochloric acid and sodium
sulfate are strong electrolytes, whereas ephedrine
and phenobarbital are weak electrolytes.
 
Ideal and real solutions
 
 
No heat evolved or absorbed during mixing
process.
The final volume represents additive property
of the individual components.
 
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Physical properties of substances are classified into colligative, additive, and constitutive properties. Colligative properties depend on the number of particles in a solution and are similar for different nonelectrolytes. Additive properties are based on the total contribution of atoms, while constitutive properties depend on the arrangement of atoms within a molecule. Nonelectrolytes do not ionize in water and include substances like sucrose and urea. This overview covers the types of solutions and the distinction between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.


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  1. Nonelectrolytes Assistant Prof Dr. Fouad Alsaady

  2. Physical Properties of Substances The physical properties of substances can be classified as colligative, additive, and constitutive. Colligative properties depend mainly on the number of particles in a solution. The colligative properties of solutions are osmotic pressure, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, and boiling point elevation. The values of the colligative properties are approximately the same for equal concentrations of different nonelectrolytes in solution regardless of the species or chemical nature of the constituents.

  3. In considering the colligative properties of solid-in- liquid solutions, it is assumed that the solute is nonvolatile and that the pressure of the vapor above the solution is provided entirely by the solvent. Additive properties depend on the total contribution of the atoms in the molecule or on the sum of the properties of the constituents in a solution. An example of an additive property of a compound is the molecular weight, that is, the sum of the masses of the constituent atoms.

  4. Constitutive properties depend on the arrangement and to a lesser extent on the number and kind of atoms within a molecule. Many physical properties may be partly additive and partly constitutive. The refraction of light, in part constitutive and in part additive properties;

  5. Types of Solutions A solution can be classified according to the states in which the solute and solvent occur, and because three states of matter (gas, liquid, and crystalline solid) exist, nine types of homogeneous mixtures of solute and solvent are possible.

  6. The solutes (whether gases, liquids, or solids) are divided into two main classes: nonelectrolytes and electrolytes. Nonelectrolytes are substances that do not ionize when dissolved in water and therefore do not conduct an electric current through the solution. Examples of nonelectrolytes are sucrose, glycerin, naphthalene, and urea. Electrolytes are substances that form ions in solution, conduct electric current, Examples of electrolytes are hydrochloric acid, sodium sulfate, ephedrine, and phenobarbital.

  7. Electrolytes may be subdivided further into strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes depending on whether the substance is completely or only partly ionized in water. Hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate are strong electrolytes, whereas ephedrine and phenobarbital are weak electrolytes.

  8. Ideal and real solutions

  9. No heat evolved or absorbed during mixing process. The final volume represents additive property of the individual components.

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