Rethinking Development: Perspectives on Human Capability and Well-being

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:
 
S
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a
n
d
 
C
a
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t
e
l
l
s
 
 
Sundeep Sahay
 
A
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n
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c
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p
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l
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o
f
«
b
e
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r
»
 
Alternative to an «economic growth» based
perspective on development
Amartya Sen – Perspective on human
development – Capability Approach
Manuel Castells – Perspective on exclusion-
inclusion – the Network Society
 
3
 
A
m
a
r
t
y
a
 
S
e
n
s
 
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
 
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
 
Development 
can 
be 
seen 
as 
a 
process 
of 
expanding
the 
real 
freedoms 
that 
people 
enjoy. 
[…] 
Focusing
particularly 
on 
people’s 
capability 
to 
choose 
the 
lives
they 
have 
reason 
to
 
value
(Sen
 
1999)
 
Freedom 
has 
both
 
intrinsic 
value
and 
instrumental
 
value
 
3
 
Thapa,
 
D.
 
and
 
Saebø,
 
Ø.
 
(2014),
 
“Exploring
 
the
 
link
 
between
 
ICT
 and
 
development
 
in
 
the
 
context
 
of
 
developing
countries:
 
a
 
literature
 
review”,
 
The
 
Electronic
 
Journal
 
of
 
Information
 
Systems
 
in
 
Developing
 
Countries,
 
Vol.
 
64,
 
H
u
m
a
n
 
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
 
I
n
d
e
x
 
With
 
Mahbub
 
ul
 
Haq
 
 
integration
into 
development 
measurement
and
 
development
 
of
 
the
 
HDI
 
from
1990
 
Three key parameters
Education – level of literacy
Health  - life expectancy
Income distribution – parities of
income
 
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
s
 
a
n
d
 
C
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
 
“A 
functioning 
is 
an 
achievement, 
whereas 
a
capability
 
is
 
the
 
ability
 
to
 
achieve.
 
Functionings
 
are,
in
 
a
 
sense,
 
more
 
directly
 
related
 
to
 
living
 
conditions,
since
 
they
 
are
 
different
 
aspects
 
of
 
living
 
conditions.
Capabilities, 
in 
contrast, 
are 
notions 
of 
freedom, 
in
the
 
positive
 
sense:
 
what
 
real
 
opportunities
 
you
 
have
regarding
 
the
 
life
 
you
 
may
 
lead”.
(Sen, 
1987, 
p.
 
36).
 
M
a
r
t
h
a
 
N
u
s
s
b
a
u
m
s
 
C
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
 
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
 
Developed 
independently 
from 
Sen’s
Identifie
s 
central
 
human
 
capabilities
1)
Life
2)
Bodily
 
Health
3)
Bodily
 
Integrity
4)
Senses, 
Imagination, 
and
 
Thought
5)
Emotions
6)
Practical
 
Reason
7)
Affiliation
8)
Other
 
Species
9)
Play
10)
Control 
over 
one's
 
Environment.
 
F
r
o
m
 
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
 
t
o
 
a
g
e
n
t
 
A
 
person
 
is
 
thus
 
viewed
 
as
 
an
 
“agent”,
 
as
 
opposed
to
 
a
 
“patient”
 
whose
 
well-being
 
or
 
the
 
absence
 
of
well-being
 
is
 
the
 
only
 
concern
 
(Robeyns,
 
2005).
 
Concern
 
for:
-
Participation
-
Public
 
debate
 
in
 
the
 
public
 
sphere
-
Democratic
 
practice
-
Empowerment
 
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
 
Measuring
 
gender
 
equity
 
in
 
terms
 
of
 
women’s
agency
Growth-oriented 
approaches 
measures
 
women’s
deprivation
 
in
 
terms
 
of
 
income
 
gaps
Women’s
 
welfare
 
as
 
instrumental
 
to
 
the
 
wellbeing
 
of
others 
and 
economic
 
growth
Sen
 
focuses
 
on
 
the
 
deprivation
 
of
 
capabilities
E.g. 
access 
to
 
healthcare, 
education, 
autonomy
 
A
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
divide
 
An
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
divide
A
s
o
c
i
o
-cul
t
u
r
a
l
divide
 
A
 
Gender 
Divide
 
The 
Digital
 
Divide
 
F
r
o
m
 
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
 
D
i
v
i
d
e
 
t
o
 
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
 
I
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
 
C
h
o
i
c
e
 
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
 
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
,
 
C
h
o
i
c
e
,
 
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
 
Commodities
(Characteristics
of
 
Technologies)
 
Capabilities
=
Effective
Opp
or
t
un
i
t
ie
s
 
Achieved
f
unc
t
ionin
g
s
 
Personal, social
 
and
environmental
conversion
 
factors
 
Personal
 
Preference,
social pressure and
other 
decision-
making
 
mechanisms
Means
 
to
Achieve
Freedom
 
to
Achieve
Achievement
 
Applying
 
the
 
Capabilities
 
Approach
 
to
 
ICT4D
 
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
 
Q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
 
C
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
 
o
n
 
S
e
n
 
Insufficient
 
theorization
 
on
 
structure
 
and
 
power
Unable
 
to
 
address
 
“entrenched
 
power
 
and
 
the
 
politics
of
 
conflict
 
or
 
social
 
mobilization”
 
(Navarro
 
2000)
a
 
need
 
to
 
distinguish
 
the
 
type
 
of
 
structures
 
favorable
for
 
individual
 
agency
 
(Stewart
 
and
 
Deneulin
 
2002)
Focuses 
on 
individual 
agency 
rather than
collective 
mobilization 
(Fukuda-Parr
 
2002);
The
 
CA
 
sees
 
individuals
 
as
 
active
 
agents
 
of
 
change;
The
 
need
 
for
 
collective
 
action
 
to
 
influence
 
public
policy (Stewart 
and 
Deneulin
 
2002)
 
15
 
M
a
n
u
e
l
 
C
a
s
t
e
l
l
s
 
 
t
h
e
 
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
 
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
 
Develops a “grand narrative of the present”
where the entire planet is capitalist
Volume I - The Network society - outlines
basic tenets of a “network society”
Volume II - The Power of Identity - outlines
various processes of social change
Volume III - End of Millennium - processes of
historical transformation
 
15
 
K
e
y
 
t
h
e
s
i
s
 
Relation between IT-Globalization-Social
Development
Two key trends in the information age
New capitalism - global and informational
Challenged by social movements based on
cultural singularity - affirming identity
Dialectical opposition of “self and the net”
 
 
16
 
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
 
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
 
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
 
Network basic form of social structure
Social interactions occur with a “networking
logic”
Example stock exchange
Not restricted to financial systems, example
peace networks, “black lives matter”,
“MeToo” etc
Networks not new, informational basis and its
global nature is what is new
 
17
 
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
 
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
 
a
n
d
 
I
C
T
s
 
Information - raw material and also outcome
ICTs are pervasive - all aspects of life
ITs foster a networking logic because it
allows to deal with complexity, which in itself
is increased by IT
Specific ITs converge into highly integrated
systems
 
18
 
K
e
y
 
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
 
Represents a structural transformation
(production, power and experience)
Social processes organized around networks
Studying the logic of these networks
Logic of the “power of flows” dominate “flows
of power” (“flow society”)
Social morphology dominates social action -
pace of flows defined by timeless time and
placeless space
 
19
 
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
 
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
 
a
n
d
 
p
o
w
e
r
 
Not rooted in institutions as before – the
power of the church or the family
Located in networks
Lies in codes of information
Three kinds of dichotomies are inherent
net and the self
timeless time and placeless self
inclusion and exclusion
 
20
 
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
 
t
o
 
u
s
 
w
i
t
h
 
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
 
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
 
«
b
e
t
t
e
r
»
 
The notion of «counter networks»
Castells’ thesis is that «if you are not in the
network society, you will be excluded and
further systematically marginalized»
«in the past, colonization was exercised by
going there, but in the network society,
colonization is exercised by not going there»
For marginalized, to enter the network society,
you have to create «counter networks»
Only when information is visible, can we act
 
21
 
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
 
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
 
Why «counter»?
Historically excluded
Capacities deficencies
Infrastructure inadequacies
So, it is not about plug and play in the
network
But it takes extra, time and innovative
approaches to build counter networks
 
22
 
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
 
«
p
e
a
c
e
»
 
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
 
North Kenya, plagued by inter-ethnic conflict
– around 2008 elections
Building over time, communities affected by
the voilence, and mobilize them as peace
networks
SMS based reporting was a tool used to
make potential voilence solutions visible
Based on this information, conflict mitigation
efforts were initiated
 
23
 
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
 
«
h
e
a
l
t
h
»
 
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
 
Strengthening health equities within a
deprived region in north Mozambique
Electronic systems can help them make their
health problems visible to the authorities as a
basis to strengthen advocacy efforts
But given their historical deprivations,
challenging for them to join the network
Long term, sustained effort, based on
innovative efforts to include them in the
network – the counter health network
 
24
 
C
o
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
:
 
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
 
v
i
e
w
s
 
o
n
b
e
t
t
e
r
 
Sen – gives us the notion of better through
the «human development» perspective
 
Castells – gives us the notion of better
through the inclusion/exclusion perspective
framed within network society thinking
 
25
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Explore alternative conceptualizations of development beyond economic growth, focusing on human capability and freedom. Learn about Amartya Sen's capability approach and Manuel Castells' perspective on inclusion-exclusion in the Network Society. Discover the Human Development Index, Martha Nussbaum's Capability Approach, and the shift from viewing individuals as patients to agents of change.


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  1. Alternative conceptualization of better : Sen and Castells Sundeep Sahay

  2. Alternative conceptualization of better Alternative to an economic growth based perspective on development Amartya Sen Perspective on human development Capability Approach Manuel Castells Perspective on exclusion- inclusion the Network Society 3

  3. Amartya Sens capabilityapproach Development can be seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. [ ] Focusing particularly on people s capability to choose the lives they havereasontovalue (Sen1999) Freedom has bothintrinsic value and instrumentalvalue

  4. Thapa,D.andSaeb,.(2014),Exploringthe linkbetweenICTanddevelopmentinthecontextof developing countries:aliteraturereview ,TheElectronicJournalof InformationSystemsinDevelopingCountries,Vol.64, 3

  5. Human DevelopmentIndex WithMahbubulHaq integration into development measurement anddevelopmentof theHDIfrom 1990 Three keyparameters Education levelofliteracy Health -lifeexpectancy Income distribution paritiesof income

  6. Functionings andCapabilities A functioning is an achievement, whereas a capabilityistheabilityto achieve.Functioningsare, inasense,moredirectlyrelatedto livingconditions, sincetheyaredifferentaspectsof livingconditions. Capabilities, in contrast, are notions of freedom, in thepositivesense:whatrealopportunitiesyouhave regardingthelifeyoumaylead . (Sen, 1987, p.36).

  7. MarthaNussbaumsCapabilityApproach Developed independently from Sen s Identifiescentralhumancapabilities 1)Life 2)BodilyHealth 3)BodilyIntegrity 4)Senses, Imagination, andThought 5)Emotions 6)PracticalReason 7)Affiliation 8)OtherSpecies 9)Play 10)Control over one'sEnvironment.

  8. From patient toagent Apersonisthus viewedasan agent , asopposed to a patient whose well-being or the absenceof well-beingistheonlyconcern(Robeyns,2005). Concernfor: - Participation - Publicdebateinthe publicsphere - Democraticpractice - Empowerment

  9. Example Measuringgenderequityintermsof women s agency Growth-oriented approaches measureswomen s deprivationintermsofincomegaps Women swelfareasinstrumentalto thewellbeingof others and economicgrowth Senfocusesonthedeprivationof capabilities E.g. access tohealthcare, education, autonomy

  10. FromDigitalDivideto MultipleInequalities The DigitalDivide A technological divide An economic divide A socio-cultural divide AGender Divide

  11. ConversionFactors,Choice,Outcome PersonalPreference, social pressure and other decision- makingmechanisms Personal, socialand environmental conversionfactors Capabilities Commodities Achieved functionings = (Characteristics ofTechnologies) Choice Effective Opportunities Meansto Achieve Freedom to Achieve Achievement ApplyingtheCapabilitiesApproachto ICT4D

  12. ResearchQuestions

  13. Critique onSen Insufficienttheorizationonstructureandpower Unableto address entrenchedpowerandthe politics of conflictorsocialmobilization (Navarro 2000) aneedto distinguishthe typeof structuresfavorable for individualagency(StewartandDeneulin2002) Focuses on individual agency rather than collective mobilization (Fukuda-Parr2002); TheCAseesindividualsasactiveagentsof change; Theneedfor collectiveactionto influencepublic policy (Stewart and Deneulin2002) 15

  14. Manuel Castells the network society Develops a grand narrative of the present where the entire planet is capitalist Volume I - The Network society - outlines basic tenets of a network society Volume II - The Power of Identity - outlines various processes of social change Volume III - End of Millennium - processes of historical transformation 15

  15. Key thesis Relation between IT-Globalization-Social Development Two key trends in the information age New capitalism - global and informational Challenged by social movements based on cultural singularity - affirming identity Dialectical opposition of self and the net 16

  16. Understanding network society Network basic form of social structure Social interactions occur with a networking logic Example stock exchange Not restricted to financial systems, example peace networks, black lives matter , MeToo etc Networks not new, informational basis and its global nature is what is new 17

  17. Network society and ICTs Information - raw material and also outcome ICTs are pervasive - all aspects of life ITs foster a networking logic because it allows to deal with complexity, which in itself is increased by IT Specific ITs converge into highly integrated systems 18

  18. Key characteristics Represents a structural transformation (production, power and experience) Social processes organized around networks Studying the logic of these networks Logic of the power of flows dominate flows of power ( flow society ) Social morphology dominates social action - pace of flows defined by timeless time and placeless space 19

  19. Network society and power Not rooted in institutions as before the power of the church or the family Located in networks Lies in codes of information Three kinds of dichotomies are inherent net and the self timeless time and placeless self inclusion and exclusion 20

  20. Relevant to us with respect to understanding better The notion of counter networks Castells thesis is that if you are not in the network society, you will be excluded and further systematically marginalized in the past, colonization was exercised by going there, but in the network society, colonization is exercised by not going there For marginalized, to enter the network society, you have to create counter networks Only when information is visible, can we act 21

  21. Counter network Why counter ? Historically excluded Capacities deficencies Infrastructure inadequacies So, it is not about plug and play in the network But it takes extra, time and innovative approaches to build counter networks 22

  22. Counter peace networks North Kenya, plagued by inter-ethnic conflict around 2008 elections Building over time, communities affected by the voilence, and mobilize them as peace networks SMS based reporting was a tool used to make potential voilence solutions visible Based on this information, conflict mitigation efforts were initiated 23

  23. Counter health networks Strengthening health equities within a deprived region in north Mozambique Electronic systems can help them make their health problems visible to the authorities as a basis to strengthen advocacy efforts But given their historical deprivations, challenging for them to join the network Long term, sustained effort, based on innovative efforts to include them in the network the counter health network 24

  24. Concluding: alternative views on better Sen gives us the notion of better through the human development perspective Castells gives us the notion of better through the inclusion/exclusion perspective framed within network society thinking 25

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